1 - Muscular anatomy

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• Protection of vital organs • Support and maintenance of posture • Providing attachments points for muscles • Storage and release of minerals (calcium and phosphorus) • Blood cell production • Storage and energy

tissue that is constantly changing in response to activity levels

Muscle will adapt to the pressure placed on it

• Axial skeletion Purpose: To provide protection Made up of: • Skulls • Sternum • Ribs • Vertical column • Appendicular skeleton Purpose: To produce movement Made up of: • Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals / Metacarpals / phalanges • Pelvic girdle • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals / Metatarsals / phalanges

Cervical - Are the smallest and have more movement than the thoracic and lumbar Thoratic - Are less mobile as the ribs attach to the sides of each vertebra and therefore restrict movement Lumbar - Are the biggest and strongest as they play a major role in weight bearing and therefore absorb high compression loads Sarcal - transmit weight from the pelvis to the legs Coccyx

• Short - Small cubed shaped and are for stability and movement • Long - Important for movement • Flat - Provide protection and large surface areas for joints to hold onto • Irregular - Have specialized shapes for specific functions

• Epiphysis • Diaphysis • Epiphysis • Articular cartilage • Spongy bone • Space containing bone marrow • Compact bone • Medullary cavity / marrow cavity • Bone marrow • Periosteum • Nutrient foreman

Are the ends of the bone made from spongy bone

made up of compact bone and is solid and dense. Found in the outer layer of most bones. Important for protection and support and resists the stress being placed on long bones.

covers the end of the bone where they articulate with other bones to form joints. Main function of cartilage is to reduce friction between bones by absorbing shock.

Covers areas that are NOT covered in cartilage, forming outer lining of bone.

⎫ Growth ⎫ Repair ⎫ Nutrition ⎫ Attachment of ligaments and tendons

is the space within the diaphysis where the yellow bone marrow is stored.

Small opening in the diaphysis. Blood vessels pass through here, enter the medulla cavity and provide the bone marrow and compact bone with blood and nutrients.

1) Inferior - Below or further away from the head 2) Superior - Above or nearer to the head 3) Distal - Further away from where a limb attaches to the body 4) Proximal - Nearer to where the limb attaches to the body 5) Posterior – Behind or nearer to the back 6) Anterior – In front or nearer to the front 7) Internal – Located inside of further away from the surface 8) External – Located on or near the surface 9) Lateral – Further away from the midline of the body 10) Medial – Closer to the midline of the body

• Supporting and binding • Protecting • Insulating • Storing reserve fuel • Transporting substances around the body

Where two or more bones articulate with each other Main function: Increase mobility of the body

the connective tissue attaching bone to bone

Muscle to bone

• Joint movement • Shape of the bones and whether they interlock or not • Flexibility of ligaments • Influence of other soft tissue structures

1) Fibrous • Fixed / immovable 2) Cartilaginous • Semi-movable • Bones are separated by cartilage 3) Synovial • Freely movable • Most important for mobility • Most common

Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Bursea Meniscus Ligament Articular capsule

a piece of cartilage that provides a cushion between the femur and tibia. It can be damaged or torn under pressure.