Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History

Complete the following definitions of biotechnology: • Manipulation of ___ or ___ to make ___ for humans. • Manipulation of ____ of organisms to change their ____, ____, and ____. • ____ and ____ technology used to produce new ____ in plants and animals.

In ancient biotechnology, Sumerians and Babylonians utilized ____ to prepare ____.

In ancient biotechnology, Egyptians discovered a process to prepare ____ by means of ____.

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Ancient biotechnology: • Similar characteristics between parents and their offspring. • All inheritance originates from the father. • Discovered a process to prepare leavened bread by means of yeast. • Utilized yeast to prepare beer. Choices: Sumerians and Babylonians Egyptians Aristotle Socrates

Refers to a theory positing that organisms arise from non-living matter.

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology: • Found that deliberate administration of smallpox could prevent its occurrence later in life, especially in children. • First researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria. • Investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope. • Explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction, i.e. they reproduce sexually. Choices: William Harvey Giacomo Pylarini Marcello Malpighi Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

This phase of biotechnology started when humans invented microscope.

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology: • Invented a technique using heat to can and sterilize food. • Suggested the theory that puerperal fever could be transmitted from mother to mother by physicians. • Discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions. • Natural selection • Discovered the pasteurization process. • Established that a fungus was responsible for potato blight. Choices Heinrich Anton de Bary Carl Ludwig Nicolas Appert Charles Darwin Pasteur Ignaz Semmelweis

Difference between pasteurization and sterilization.

What is the causative agents of puerperal (childbed) fever?

Causative agent of late potato blight

Match the proponent/s with the discovery/theory during the Classical biotechnology (Genetics): • Found that chromosomes (paired) contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another. • Shared the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the determination of sex. • Found that several genes alter or modify the action of other genes. • Started his investigation into fruit flies that would reveal that chromosomes have a defined role in heredity. Choices: Thomas Hunt Morgan Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens Sutton William Bateson and R C Punnett

Proteins and DNA were studied by means of ____.

Is considered as the first biotech product.

The Rockefeller Foundation (New York) collaborated with the Mexican government to start the _____.

Match the proponents to the discovery: • Explored streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB. • Discovered that the same levels of adenine and thymine are present in DNA, as are the same levels of guanine and cytosine. Selman Abraham Waksman Erwin Chargaff

Streptomycin is which class of antibiotics?

Match the proponent with the discovery • Double-helix structure of DNA. • Developed the HeLa human cell line. • Studied ‘central dogma’, demonstrating how DNA functions to construct protein. • Reported that a genetic sequence of three nucleotide bases. Choices: George Otto Gey Crick and Gamov Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J Heinrich Matthaei and S Ochoa Watson and Crick

The discovery of what finally resulted in an explosion of research into molecular biology and genetics.

Match the proponent with the DNA research discovery during classical biotechnology era: • Identified the first oncogene in a virus. • Utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments. • Developed an investigation to distinguish chemicals that damage DNA. • Released the first set of guidelines for rDNA experimentation. Choices: Paul Berg Peter H Duesberg and Peter K Vogt Bruce Nathan Ames National Institute of Health

This is an investigation to distinguish chemicals that damage DNA.

What was the first oncogene discovered?

Match the proponent to the discovery during modern biotech era: • Synthesized synthetic human insulin by introducing the insulin gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli. • Was allowed to patent an oil-eating micro-organism. • Was the first organization to achieve the synthesis of a human protein (somatostatin) in a bacterium • Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing the tool of PCR. • Announced that they had cloned a sheep called Dolly from the cell of an adult ewe Choices 1. Genentech Inc. 2. Exxon oil company 3. Herbert W Boyer 4. Roslin Institute 5. Kary Mullis

What is the function of somatostatin?