B1 CELL BIOLOGY
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what are the two types of cells?
eukaryotic (plant and animals) prokaryotic (bacteria)
what are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic are much smaller then eukaryotes eukaryotic cells contain their genetic material enclosed by a nucleus whereas prokaryotic don’t.
what is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?
peptidoglycan
what are plasmids?
small circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.
what is a centimetre (cm)
1 x 10-2 metres
what is a millimetre (mm)
1x10-3 metres
what is a micrometre (μm)
1x10-6 metres
what is nanometre (nm)
1x10-9 metres
what is the order of magnitude?
a power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size.
how many order of magnitude is 10x
one zero = 1 order of magnitude
what is the difference in order of magnitude between a human hair (100 μm) and the HIV virus (length = 100 nm)
100μm = 10-4m 100nm = 10-7m -4-(-7) = -4+7 = 3
list the components of both plant and animals cells (5)
nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes
list the additional cell components found in plant cells (3)
chloroplasts permanent vacuole cell wall
what is the function of cytoplasm ?
a watery solution where a chemical reaction takes place.
what is the function of mitochondria?
where aerobic respiration takes place
what is the function of chloroplasts?
contains chlorophyll and are the sits of photosynthesis
what is the function of the ribosome?
sites of protein synthesis
what is the function of the cell wall?
made from cellulose, this strength the cell
what is the function of the vacuole?
filled with fluid called cell sap , the vacuole helps give the plant cell its shape.
what is the function of cell membrane?
controls the molecules that can enter and leave the cell.
what is the function of the nucleus?
to enclose the genetic material/controls cellular activities.
describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their functions?
axon = carries electrical impulses from one part of the body to another myelin = insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses synapses = junctions which allow the impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another dendrites = increase surface area so that the other nerve cells can connect more easily.
what is the job of the nerve cell?
to send electrical impulses around the body .
describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their functions?
nucleus = contain their genetic material (only half the genetic info a normal adult cell) tail = allows them to swim to the ovum they are also streamlined to make this easier) mitochondria = they are packed full of mitochondria , they provide energy for swimming. enzymes = allows them to digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum.