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oxidation number of uncombined element
0
combined hydrogen oxidation element
+1
combined oxygen oxidation element
-2
ion of element oxidation element
ionic charge
oxidising agent
gain of electrons
reducing agent
loss of electrons
what are voltaic cells
• electrochemical cell - converts chemical energy into electrical energy
what do half-cells contain?
chemical species present in a redox half- equation
standard electrode potential definition
e.m.f of a half- cell connected to a standard hydrogen half-cell under standard conditions of 298K, solution concentrations of 1 moldm-3, and a pressure of 100kPa
the more negative the E value
greater the reactivity of a metal in losing electron
the more positive the E value
• greater the reactivity of a non-metal in gaining electrons
what are the charge carriers in the wire
electrons
what are the charge carriers in the salt bride
ions
most negative system
• greater tendency to be oxidised - lose electrons
most positive system
• greater tendency to be reduced - gain electrons
state the limitations of predictions for feasibility based on E values
• reactivity may have a slow rate with high activation energy • concentration may not be 1 modm-3, changing the E value