polymers and biochemstry

forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer Monomers contain C=C bonds

there are two different monomers that add together and a small molecule is usually given off as a side-product e.g. H2O or HCl

simple combination molecules of two amino acids with one amide (peptide) link

is the sequence of the 20 different naturally occurring amino acids joined together by condensation reactions with peptide links

The 3D arrangement of amino acids with the polypeptide chain in a corkscrew shape is held in place by Hydrogen bonds between the H of –Nδ- —Hδ+ group and the –O of Cδ+=Oδ- of the fourth amino acid along the chain

The secondary structure can also take the form of a β– pleated sheets The protein chain folds into parallel strands side by side

folding of the secondary structure into more complex shapes. It is held in place by interactions between the R- side groups in more distant amino acids . These can be a variety of interactions including hydrogen bonding, Disulphide bridges and ionic interactions

If the substrate is chiral then its likely that only one enantiomer will have the correct stereochemistry to fit in the active site of the enzyme and so only one isomer will be catalysed

will often bind to the active site strongly so stopping the substrate attaching to the enzyme

substance which speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up

a complex of Pt(II) which is used as an anticancer drug

it prevents DNA replication in cancer cells by a ligand replacement reaction with DNA ( during this reaction a bond forms with platinum and nitrogen atom in guanine)

used to locate amino acids on a chromatogram

biological catalyst made of proteins and have stereospecifc active sites

molecule made from a phospate ion bound to 2-deoxyribose to one of 4 bases in DNA

bond which forms between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (-NH2) of another in a protein

technique used to identify compounds such as amino acids

uses a solvent and a plastic sheet coated in silica

the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

means both NH2 and COOH are bonded to the same C

All amino acids, except glycine,are chiral because there are four different groups around the C. So they rotate plane polarised light.

solid

weak buffers

ionic interactions between zwitterions