cell pathology
No description yet. This curated deck is ready for daily study.
Card preview (24)
what do our bodies react to
• physiological stress or pathological stimuli
what do cells to accommodate for extracellular stresses
change structure and function. also maintain normal homeostasis
what type of process can cell death be
normal or abnormal processes
what are examples of reversible changes
• number • size • phenotype (observable characteristics) • function • metabolic activity
what are the two types of adaptive responses
physiological and pathological adaptations
name some adaptive responses
• hypertrophy • atrophy • hyperplasia • metaplasia
what is hypertrophy
this is the increased size of cells and organs.
why can hypertrophy occur
it can occur because of an increased amount of proteins and organelles and in cells that don’t divide
what type of adaptive response can hypertrophy be
can be physiological and pathological
what other adaptation can hypertrophy occur at the same time as
hyperplasia
what is hyperplasia
this is the increased number of cells and increased organ size
in what type of cells does hyperplasia occur in
in cells that are able to replicate
with what other adaptation can hyperplasia also occur with at the same time
hypertrophy
what type of adaptive response can hyperplasia be
can be physiological or pathological
give an example of hyperplasia
gingival hyperplasia
what can gingival hyperplasia be caused by
phenytoin
what is atrophy
this is the reduces size of cells and organs
what can be the cause of atrophy
• decreased work load • loss of innervation (supply of nerves) • diminished blood supply • not enough nutrition • loss of endocrine stimulation • ageing • reduces protein synthesis (because of lowered metabolic activity) • increased protein degradation
what is metaplasia
this is a reversible change in phenotype (observable characteristic). this is as it’s replaced with a cell type that can withstand the environment better
where does metaplasia arise from
genetic reprogramming of stem cells
what are some causes of cell injury
• physical trauma • hypoxia below normal level of O2 in blood) • infectious and chemical agents • genetic defects
give an example of metaplasia in real life
epithelial metaplasia in smokers. this is where specialised ciliated columnar epithelial cells are exchanged with hardy squamous epithelial cells. this change helps survival but protective mechanisms are lost.
what are reversible cell changes in injury
• cell swelling • swelling of organelles • loss of microvilli • surface blebs • clumping of chromatin
what are irreversible cellular changes in injury
• severe cell swelling • membrane damage • nuclear changes • lysosomal enzyme release • protein digestions