mass transport in animals
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what is the structure of haemoglobin
-4 polypeptide chains -quarternary protein -O2 binds to Fe2+
what is affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?
the ability for oyxgen to attract/bind onto the haemoglobin
what is saturation of oxygen with haemoglobin.
the maximum amount of oxygen that haemoglobin can bind onto.
what is loading/ association of haemoglobin
when oxygen binds onto haemoglobin
what is unloading/dissociation of haemoglobin
when oxygen unbinds from haemoglobin
what is meant by the partial pressure of oxygen
concentration of oxygen
what is the affinity when the partial pressure is low?
small affinity
why is the affinity lower for the 1st O2 molecules
its harder for the oxygen to bind onto the haem group
what does the binding of the 1st oxygen molecule do to haemoglobin
creates a conformational change to the quarternary structure.
what happens when there’s a conformational change to the haem group?
will allow for greater affinity
what is the process in which there is a conformational change in the haem group?
positive co-operativity.
why is the partial pressure low in areas near muscle tissue?
cells use it for respiration
why does it take longer for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind
shortage of the remaining binding sites
which part of the body has a higher affinity for oxygen.
the lungs
what happens to the dissociation graph when CO2 is present?
moves to the right
what happens when there is an increase in CO2?
it lowers the pH.
how does carbon dioxide lower the pH
it produces H+ ions.
what is the equation for when CO2 binds to water?
it produces carbonic acid+hydrogen carbonate ions and H+ ions.
what happens when H+ ions bind to haemoglobin?
it unloads o2 at a greater rrate.
what does it mean when theres a lower affinity? And why is that?
less oxygen is readily avaliable. more is being unloaded to the tissues because the cells are respiring.
what way does curve shift to when theres a lower affinity?
moves to thee right
what is the cardiac output?
volume of blood that pumps out the heart per time
why is the cardiac output higher in athletes/ periods of exercise.
higher cause more blood is pumped to respiring cells
describe the ventricular walls of an athlete
it would be thicker