The Effects of Lung Disease
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Lung Cancer Cancer occurs if
mutations affect the regulation of mitosis in cells
Tumours develop if mutations occur in
oncogenes or tumour-suppressor genes of the bronchial epithelial cells.
This causes uncontrolled mitosis which develops into a mass of cells in the lumen of
the airways
The tumour becomes larger because it has no method of programmed cell death and survives because it develops its own blood supply (vascularisation) The tumour then starts to interfere with the normal working of the lungs, such as by squeezing against and symptoms
blood vessels or cancer cells entering into the lymphatic system, where they may develop another tumour Symptoms of lung cancer include coughing up blood, a persistent cough, coughing an increased amount of mucus, back or shoulder pain, wheezing and breathing difficulties and sudden weight loss
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes a range of lung-based diseases, such
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Symptoms of a COPD include
shortness of breath, a chronic or persistent cough, chest tightness, wheezing and difficulty breathing when exercising or during any physical activity
COPD cause When goblet cells in the ciliated epithelium become enlarged they produce more…. this destroys…
mucus This destroys the cilia in the trachea and prevents them from sweeping mucus away from the lungs
In COPD ths mucus contains
bacteria, dust and other microorganisms and can then block narrow bronchioles, causing coughing, scar tissue and infection
The infection of COPD attracts………. which
phagocytes to the lungs and the phagocytes release elastase, an enzyme that damages the elasticity of the alveolar walls
Without enough elastin, the alveoli
break down and may burst. This creates large air spaces in the alveoli and patients become wheezy and breathless. Once the disease progresses, people often need a constant supply of oxygen to stay alive