States Of Matter And Changes Of State
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Gases are well described by ___
Gas laws—no such laws exist for solids or liquids
Kinetic-molecular theory of matter attempts to describe…
All states of matter and conversion between states
Solids have a definite ___ and ___
Volume and shape
Molecules of solids are ___
Closely packed together
What holds molecules together in solids?
Intermolecular forces
Liquids have definite ___ but no definite ___
Definite volume, no definite shape
Liquids have the ability to ___
Flow
Molecules in liquids are ___
Very close together, but can flow past each other
Intermolecular forces of liquids are strong enough to ___; not strong enough to ___
Strong enough to hold molecules in a condensed phase; not strong enough to prevent molecules from sliding past each other
Gases have neither ___ nor ___
No definite shape or definite volume
A gaseous sample will expand to ___
Fill the available space
Intermolecular forces are ___ between gas molecules
Essentially zero
Transitions between states of matter:
• Melting (S-L) • Freezing (L-S) • Vaporization (L-G) • Condensation (G-L) • Deposition (G-S) • Sublimation (S-G)
Deposition
Gas to solid
Sublimation
Solid to gas
What are intermolecular forces?
Chemical bonds hold atoms in molecules
Intermolecular forces determine how molecules ___
Interact
Intermolecular forces most directly impact ___
The macroscopic properties of a sample
Repulsion of intermolecular forces
Molecules, atoms, and oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other, but not too close
Intermolecular forces are ___ in nature
Electrostatic
Coulomb’s Law
States that intermolecular forces arise because of the attraction of opposite charges
The driving force in the formation of chemical bonds of all types is the ___
Octet rule
Octet rule
Atoms tend to add, remove, or share electrons so as to wind up with eight valence electrons
Valence electrons
Electrons in the highest energy, or valence shell