Water Properties and Potential

the lower denstiy of ice due to hydrgen bonds that leave larger gaps.

water in sweat evaporates from skin surface, it transfers heat from the body to the air. –> panting as well

Bony fish use swim bladder to float (by expanding it) or sink (by shrinking it) Black-throated loons compress air in lugs to reduce buyoncy and assist in diving but have less dense bone for floating.

water molecules stick together –> due to hydrogen bonds between them –> resposible for high specific heat

water molecules attracted to other molecules (polar) - climb up surfaces when molecular (adhesive) forces are stronger than cohesive forces. *enables capillary action

1) water cools 2) looses energy 3) hydrogen bonds hold the molecules in place 4) forms a lattice 5) causing it to expand 6) become less dense –> floats

polarity –> dissociates ions in salts and bond to other polar substances - ex: alcohols and acids non polar substances (fats and oils) are insoluble.

metabolic processes - depend on dissolved solutes act as an acid (donate H+) or base (receive H+) in chemical reactions

Natural waters –> dissolved minerals (ex. calcium) awailable to acquatic life (shell-building organisms)

oxygen has a higher electronegativity so electrons are pulled closer to oxygen atom. a partial positive charge on the H atoms and partial negative on the O atom –> defined polarity

formed by attraction between a partial positive H and partial negative oygen, nitrogen or fluorine of another molecule.

tetrahedral arangement (each water molecule bonds with four others)

the movement of water against gravity into narrow tubes or pores

xylem vessel in stems of trees, pourous solids – soil, paper, cellulose fibers – or narrow glass columns.

• xylem vessel becomes air-filled –> adhesion between water and wall of the vessel can help refill with water