Genetic Modification

GM involesthe transfer of a gene or section of DNA from one organism into the DNA of another organism

RE are used to cut the required gene gere out of the DNA

Sticky ens are short section of a single-stranses DNA, resulting through restinctoin enzymes cutting DNA.

The plasmid is cut bythe same restiction enzyme, ensures that it is complimaentary to the ‘sticky end’

It joins together the plasmid and isolated gene, if they have the same complimentary sticky ends the DNA ligas froms a single DNA molecule

Outside

Bacteria absorbs recobinant plasmid near itself.

Ecoli absorbs recobinant plasmid near itself. Genetically engineered bacterial cell reproduce and the plasmids are copied with it. Bateria is then trown into fermenter nad starts to produce insulin. Insulin is then extracted and refined in large quantities.

The process in which small pieces of plants are grown using nutrient media.

Grown in patri dishes on nutrients, grown ‘in vitro’ (outside of. Living organism)

Cells are scraped from the parent cell (explants) Surface of explants or steralised using disinfectant and sterile water Explants transferred to sterile Petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar Explant grows encouraged by growth medium, devices into small masses of cells(callus) Callus is transferred to fresh growth medium with plant growth regulators Callus develop into plantlet Plants transferred individual potting trays and develop into plants

Clones are genetically identically Coming of plants has many commercial uses Allows plants with desirable characteristics to be produced; cheaply, greater yield, Quickly, at any time, identical to each other, disease-free Preservation of rare plant species

Trained personnel and a sterile laboratory are required Venerable to same disease and pests as genetically identical

To create many genetically identical offspring (identical to each other)

Egg cells from best cow and sperm from best bull are artificially fertilized Forms embryo Embryo split apart many times before embryo becomes specialised. Forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical. Embryos transplanted into host mothers Calves birthed are genetically identical.

To create genetically identical offspring to parent cell

Nucleus removed form unfertilised egg cell. Nucleus form adult body cell is inserted into enucleated egg cell. Small electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide. When embryo develops into ball of cells, interred into surrogate mother. Embryo cell is the same genetically to adult body cell.