11.2 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
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How can hydrocarbons be classified
Aliphatic Alicyclic Aromatic
What does it mean when a hydrocarbon is classified as Aliphatic
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
What does it mean when a hydrocarbon is classified as Alicyclic
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
What does it mean when a hydrocarbon is classified as Aromatic
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
What are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons that are notable
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
What are alkanes
Contains single carbon-to-carbon bonds
What are alkenes
Contains at least one double carbon-to-carbon bond
What are alkynes
Contains at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond
What does the stem of the name indicate
The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule
What does the prefix show
The presence of side chains or a functional group
Steps to name an aliphatic alkane
• All alkanes have the suffix ane • Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms • Identify side chains attached to the parent chain, known as akyl groups • Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show the position of the akyl groups on the parent chain
What are the first 10 alkanes
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane
What are the first 10 alkenes`
Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Hexene Heptene Octene Nonene Decene Undecene
How to name alicyclic alkanes
Same as aliphatic alkanes • All alkanes have the suffix ane • Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms • Identify side chains attached to the parent chain, known as akyl groups • Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show the position of the akyl groups on the parent chain
How to name alkenes
Same rules as for alkanes but with -ene suffix • All alkenes have the suffix -ene • Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms • Identify side chains attached to the parent chain, known as akyl groups • Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show the position of the akyl groups on the parent chain
Process of naming compounds containing functional groups
• Identify the longest unbranched chain of carbon atoms. The stem is now the name of the corresponding alkane • Identify any functional groups and any alkyl side chains and select the appropriate prefixes or suffixes for them • Number any alkyl groups and functional groups to indicate their position on the longest unbranched chain
List of common functional groups
C=C • OH • Cl-Br-I • CHO • C(CO)C- • COOH