carbonyl chemistry
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what is the reagent to test for alkenes and positive test
bromine water, decolourises bromine water
what is the test for a carboxylic and positive test
Na2CO3 - carbonate will see fizzing, CO2 gas produced
what is the test for a primary/secondary alcohol
H+/Cr2O7 orange —-> green
what is the test for phenol and positive test
universal indicator and Na2CO3, red —> orange, no fizzing (weak acid)
what is the test for a haloalkane and positive test
AgNO3 (aq) cl- white precipitate br - cream precipitate I - yellow precipitate
what is test for a Carbonyls ( aldehyde and ketone) and positive test
2,4 DNP orange precipitate forms
What is test for an aldehyde and positive test. what is half equation for formation of Ag
Tollens reagent (oxidation reaction) produces a silver mirror. Ag + e- —> Ag (s)
what reagent should be used to turn an aldehyde/ketone back to a primary alcohol/secondary alcohol, what type of reaction is this, what type of mechanism
reagent: aqueous sodium borohydride, NaBH4 this is a reduction reaction nucleophilic addition
what is a nucleophile
donates a pair of electrons
what is the reagent needed to turn a carbonyl to a hydroxynitrile, (alcohol and CN group ) what is the mechanism
H+/NaCN nucleophillic addition
2,4 DNP is added to an aldehyde or ketone an orange precipitate forms, how this be used to identify the specific compound
• recrystallise and dry the precipitate • measure the melting point • compare to known values
what are the 2 properties of carboxylic acids
dissolve in water acids
why are carboxylic acids soluble in water
They can form hydrogen bonds to water molecules
why are carboxylic acids classed as acids
they can donate H+ ions, only weak acids though
what do carboxylic acids need to react with to make esters. What small product is formed
alcohol conc H2SO4 H2O
What 2 molecules are needed to make an acid anhydride, what small product is formed, what catalyst is needed
2 identical carboxylic acids H2O conc H2SO4
what does an acid anhydride need to react with to make an ester, what other product is made
react with an alcohol makes a carboxylic acid
Esters can be broken down by acid hydrolysis, what reagents are needed, what 2 products are made
H+/H20, (reflux) alcohol and carboxylic acid
esters can also be broken down by alkali hydrolysis, what reagent is needed, what 2 products are made
NaOH (reflux) alcohol and carboxylate salt
How are acyl chlorides made, what is the reagent, what products are made
reacting a carboxylic acid with SOCl2 forms SO2 and HCl
how do acyl chlorides react
the -Cl is replaced by a nucleophile which loses one H. HCl is always made.