Memory

an experience-dependent internal record or representation of some prior event or experience why -numerous conditions may detrimentally affect our patients’ memory formation or permanence

therapeutic intervention design and dose loading to maximize memory formation nervous system priming through PT interventions

type and spatial location of the information stored -Multiple Memory Systems time course of storage -Multi-store Model

declarative memory nondeclarative

explicit memory types -semantic memory -episodic memory

memory of facts about the world information stored may include rules of a game

capacity to re-experience an event in the context in which it originally occurred requires additional brain areas to those for semantic memory

mediated by medial temporal region and midline diencephalon of brain • hippocampus • amygdala • hippocampal gyrus

implicit memory encompasses habits and motor behaviors recalled without conscious effort assessed through testing of motor skill performance (skill memory)

no declarative is in one area nondeclarative is spread over several areas

sensory register short-term (working) memory long-term storage

aka somatosensory memory -visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile large (almost limitless) capacity very short duration -long enough to develop perception of stimuli sensory register is discarded without selective attention -brain filters our unnecessary inputs, moves attended information to working (short-term) memory

selective attention

plays active role in processing of conscious thoughts small, limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items) brief duration (20-30 seconds) -lost without rehearsal chunking -grouping items to make larger collections in memory -identifying relationships between items

relatively limitless capacity for rehearsed items, once transferred from short term memory stores declarative and non-declarative forgetting possible due to different types of interference or retrieval failure

encoding consolidation re-activation re-consolidation

memory trace formed working memory -transform representation from working memory to long-term storage

processes of stabilizing a memory trace into relatively permanent form stabilization -maintenance of a motor skill performance offline without practice; not dependent on sleep enhancement -improvement in performance of a skill off-line; sleep dependent

recall of memory through practice

adaptation of existing neural circuitry in response to new information

initial process: formation of the memory trace during active practice of task -short term maintenance of information in the absence of sensory input highly influenced by selective attention

minutes to hours mechanisms -modification of pre-existing proteins --modification of ionic channels --mobilization of neurotransmitter receptors

learner processes relevant information about task makes associations between goal, movement, and movement outcome feedback used to modulate further responses manipulation of practice environment will influence cognitive processing

a set of time-dependent, post-encoding processes where motor memory becomes more stable over time