Test 2 Slide Questions

promoted settlement of the western regions and encouraged the extraction of natural resources.

policy began to shift toward conservation and preservation ethics. o In 1872, Yellowstone was designated as the first national park. o In 1891, forest reserves were created to prevent overharvesting. o In 1903, the first wildlife refuge was created.

published Silent Spring, informing the public of the ecological and health impacts of industrial chemicals like D D T.

soil conservation efforts following the Dust Bowl. industrialization improved economic conditions but increased air and water pollution.

developed the public trust doctrine, holding that natural resources should be held in trust and protected by the government.

founded Earth Day in 1970, further galvanizing support for new environmental policy.

is an approach where the regulating agency (such as the E P A) prohibits certain actions or sets limits, with punishment for violations. This approach has produced most of the positive environmental changes in the United States since the 1960s and 1970s.

to use financial incentives to encourage private companies to change, or to alter market dynamics.

Was the first statute passed in the the modern area of environmental law

an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) on a recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment also created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

o When a federal agency is dealing with legislative recommendations or major federal actions o If the action significantly affects the human environment o Indirect actions – must consider whether an action could exist without federal support

o Need and purpose of the action o Description and analysis of alternatives o Alternative of no action must be included o Description of the affected environment o Assessment of the environmental consequences of all alternatives o Mitigation options must be discussed

is a form of economic progress that maintains resources for the future.

“…meets the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Built/human capital can substitute for natural capital as long as future generation are just as well off

it was flat rate then boom Industrial Revolution. The human population did not reach 1 billion until after 1800. A billion people are currently being added about every 12 years.

Future generations must have the same amount of natural capital

is the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable. For humans, this is 2.1.

argued that the number of people would eventually outgrow the available food supply.

is the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime.

of agriculture has boosted worldwide production of food and fiber immensely but has also brought increased pollution and resource depletion.

represents how our total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction of population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T).

the work of cultivating, harvesting, and distributing crops was performed by human and animal muscle power.

introduced large-scale mechanization and fossil fuel consumption into agriculture. o Higher rates of irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, and chemical pesticides o Greater prevalence of monocultures, where farmers grow vast areas of single crops in orderly rows