Chapter One - The Origin of Life
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cell membrane
segregates interior of cell from environment
vesicle
sac of fluid formed by cell membrane
why is the cell membrane porous?
allows transport in and out of the cell
cytoplasm
inside content of the cell
prokaryotes
-have no nucleus
prokaryote size
1-10 microns
bacteria are almost always ______
unicellular
eukaryotes
• have cell nucleus - genetic material of the cell
eukaryote size
10 to 100 microns
ER
synthesis of many biomolecules
golgi apparatus
-chemical modification of biomolecules from ER
mitochondria
aerobic metabolsim
lysosomes
degrade + recycle cell components
vacuoles
• storage - most prominent in plant cells
centrioles
involved in cell mitosis
cytosol
cytoplasm minus the organelles
cytoskeleton
-3D array of filaments that hold up cell
1st law of thermodynamics
-enthalpy change delta H
2nd law of thermodynamics
-entropy change delta S
spontaneity
-free energy change G=H-TS
off standard delta G
delta G = G + RTlnQ
Equilibrium
K = Q only when delta G = 0
what is free energy?
actual amount of useful work either: • delivered by reaction (exergonic) G<0 • needed to be put into reaction (endergonic) G>0
enthalpy
delta H energy involved to make/break bonds