Acids and Bases
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Arrhenius acid
substance that increases H3O+ in solution
Arrhenius base
substance that increase OH- in solution
Bronsted-Lowry acid
substance that donates protons in a reaction
Bronsted-Lowry base
substance that accepts protons in a reaction
Lewis acid
one that accepts electron pairs
Lewis base
one that donates electron pairs
test for H2
burning splinter makes pop sound
test CO2
turns limewater milky
test SO2
bleaches paper
test NH4
damp red litmus paper turns blue
Why does acid + carbonate produce a gas but acid + metal oxide does not?
Acid + carbonate generates carbon dioxide, while acid + metal oxide reactions do not produce a gas because they only produce salt and water in a simple neutralization reaction.
Why is ammonia formed when a base reacts with an ammonium salt?
According to Brønsted–Lowry theory, acids donate protons and bases accept protons. In this reaction, the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) acts as a Brønsted–Lowry acid by donating a proton to the hydroxide ion (OH⁻), which acts as a base. This forms ammonia (NH₃) and water (H₂O).
acid lose/gains H+
loses in products
base lose/gain H+
gains in products
Why does acid + metal produce hydrogen gas?
Metal displaces hydrogen ions
Why an acid added to a carbonate produces fizzing
Acid provides H⁺ which reacts with carbonate to form unstable carbonic acid, which decomposes into CO₂ and H₂O.
Universal indicator range
red - strong acid orange - weak acid green - neutral blue - weak base purple - strong base
explain litmus paper
red to blue - base blue to red - acid red to red - acid/neutral blue to blue - base/neutral if neutral (to be safe)
explain methyl orange
red < 3.1- 4.4 > yellow acid — neutral/basic if acidic
explain phenolphthalein
colourless < 10 > pink acid/neutral — pink basic if basic
explain bromothymol blue
yellow < 6 - 7.6 > blue acid < neutral > basic strong acid + strong base