biological molecules

carbon hydrogen oxygen

monosaccharide, ex.glucose

two molecules of monosaccharide joined together, ex.sucrose and maltose

when many simple sugars join together

glucose

fatty acids

amino acids

carbon hydrogen oxygen

four smaller molecules joined together, one of these is glycerol attached to three long molecules called fatty acids

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen small amounts of sulfur

substance that increases rate of chemical reaction and doesn’t change

protein that functions as biological catalyst

the substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme in a key-lock mechanism the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key after the end of the reaction the enzyme is not used up

1.all enzymes are proteins 2.lower activation energy of metabolic reaction 3.enzymes work best at certain temperature. usually 37 4.enzymes work best at a specific ph 5.they are catalysts 6.enzymes are specific

rate of reaction increases as temperature increases, as there is more kinetic energy so more collisions, after reaching optimum temperature enzyme becomes denatured, active site changes

at optimum ph shape of enzyme active site fits exactly into substrate below or above ph the shape of active site changes

as the substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction increases, due to more collisions between active site of the enzyme and substrate molecules

substances that reduce the rate of enzyme catalyzed reaction

molecules with similar shape to the substrate, they fit into the active site stopping the substrate from entering

molecules of different shape than the substrate, they attach to other parts of the enzyme, which changes the shape of the whole enzyme

enzymes extracted from cells or tissues and used for industrial or medical purposes

1.production of lactose free milk -some people are lactose intolerant, as they don’t have lactase enzyme which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, immobilized lactase is used to produce lactose free milk and is inexpensive 2.conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose -invertase is used commercially to break down sucrose to produce a mixture of glucose and fructose called invert syrup, invert syrup is used for sweetening products 3.testing for glucose in blood and urine -test strips for blood or urine glucose level use two immobilized enzymes, the first one is glucose oxidase which catalayses the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide oxidises a colorless organic substance (XH2) to it’s colored form (X). The second reaction is catalysed by immobilised peroxidase enzyme

1.enzymes are more stable at high temperatures and are less likely to denature 2.more resistant to changes in pH 3.less likely to be broken down by organic solvents