Cells
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What is the first principle of the cell theory?
All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
What is the second principle of the cell theory?
Cells are the basic unit of all living organisms.
What is the third principle of the cell theory?
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What is the origin of all cells?
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
What is the first phase of the eukaryotic cell division cycle?
CELL GROWTH AND CHROMOSOME REPLICATION (DNA replication)
What is the second phase of the eukaryotic cell division cycle?
CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION (mitosis)
What is the final phase of the eukaryotic cell division cycle?
CELL DIVISION (cytokinesis)
Fill in the blank: All cells arise from _______.
pre-existing cells
Fill in the blank: The second phase of the eukaryotic cell division cycle is _______.
CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION (mitosis)
Fill in the blank: The first phase of the eukaryotic cell division cycle is _______.
CELL GROWTH AND CHROMOSOME REPLICATION (DNA replication)
nucleic acids are necessary for?
reproduction and evolution
The Stanley Miller-Harold Urey experiments (1950s):
These experiments suggested that organic molecules could form under the conditions that existed in the primitive earth.
conditions of the Miller-Urey experiments:
*heat evaporates water *radiation (electrodes discharging sparks into the main chamber) simulating lighting and providing energy to arrange the simple gases into more complex structures *a cooling system captures molecules into liquid form for examination
what happened with each round of the Miller-Urey experiments
increasingly complex organic molecules were formed: aldehydes, then simple acids, then more complex acids (including amino acids)
what are the seven simple molecules of the Miller-Urey experiments?
(all gases): H2O (water), N2, NH3 (ammonia), CO, CO2, CH4 (methane), and H2 (no O2!)
what is the flow of genetic information in living cells referred as?
the central dogma of molecular genetics
the first genetic system on earth was:
RNA-based
evidence for the RNA world one:
• Some RNA molecules have enzymatic activity. They are known as ribozymes. Observed in: *intron splicing *genome replication in some RNA viruses
the ribozyme and the substrate may be:
two different RNA molecules or two segments of the same RNA molecule.
evidence for the RNA world 2:
• RNA can catalyze the polymerization of nucleotides, including the synthesis of complementary RNA, using itself as template (this is not observed in DNA). Self-replication of RNA
RNA replication is catalyzed by:
RNA
Protein synthesis is catalyzed by:
RNA
DNA replication, transcription, and translation are catalyzed by:
proteins
RNA was replaced in living cells by:
more stable DNA but retained its properties.