4. alkenes

• unsaturated hydrocarbons • high e- density due to double cov bond [ One sigma and one π bond; the π bonds are exposed and have high e- density]

electrophilic addition because electrophiles attack the -ve charge

electron pair acceptors they are often delta +ve species, attracted to -ve charges

bromine ; room temp no UV hydrogen bromide ; room temp sulfuric acid ; conced room temp

dipoles induced / constant in the molecule e- pair in C=C donated to delta + , e- pair in cov bond donated to delta - carbocation formed nucleophile -ve species attracted to +be charged on C and donates its e- pair

h alkanes h alkanes alkyl hydrogen sulphate. this can be reacted with water to form an alcohol, and sulfuric acid again

product that is more likely to be formed converse

carbocation classification a carbocation is an intermediate stage in the formation of products the higher the class the increased stability. so the carbocation will remain for longer before reacting. so more chance it’s more stable because higher inductive effect of a local change in e- distribution to e- donating groups in a molecule

the major product is formed via a () carbocation intermediate whereas the minor product is formed via a () carbocation intermediate. () carbocation is more stable than a () carbocation because it has more electron releasing alkyl groups which will distribute more towards the positive c you could name the major / minor products

alkenes they are formed during the reaction of addition polymerisation

strong C-C and C-H bonds non polar bonds, not susceptible to nucleophiles

rigid long close packed polymer chains

strong VDW between polymer chains preventing from moving over eachother uPVC window frames and guttering

imfs weakened so chains move more easily, so more flexibility insulation on electrical wires, waterproof clothing