internal transport

divided in to a right and left side by septum left ventricle is thicker than right since it pumps blood to the whole body valves to ensure one way flow of blood and prevent its backflow walls of atria are thin so they can be stretched to receive blood and contract with enough force to push blood through tricuspid and bicuspid valve in to ventricles walls of heart are made of cardiac muscle cardiac ms has its own blood supply from coronary arteries to supply with O2 and nutrients

branching cells which are ms fibres which forms mesh like frame work cells are straited with several nuclei

changes in heart rate are controlled by nerve impulses sent from the cardiac centre in medulla ms produce more CO2 during aerobic respiration this change is detected by receptors in aorta and carotid artery nerve impulses are sent through sensory nerve to the medulla medulla sends nerve impulses through accelerator nerve heart rate inc when CO2 returns to normal medulla sends nerve impulses through decelerator nerve

thick wall with ms fibres and elastic tissue to withstand high blood pressure and stretch and recoil small lumen to maintain high blood pressure

thin wall with little muscle and elastic tissue wide lumen semi lunar valves to ensure one way flow and prevent back flow

forms pathway for diffusion of substances between capillaries and cells

contain Hb to bind with O2 no nucleus to carry more Hb biconcave shape for larger surface area flexible so can squeeze through capillaries

changes soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

mouse is injected with foreign antigen to produce lymphocytes which are collected from spleen mouse lymphocytes are fused with cancer cells to form hybridoma cells culture conditions allow hybridoma cells to grow individual hybridoma cells are isolated and grown monoclonal antibodies are produced

made using antigens of cancer cells labelled using either coloured dye or radioactively