Macromolecules
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What are the primary functions (5) of carbohydrates?
Provide energy, short-term energy storage, plant cell wall structure (cellulose), backbone of DNA (ribose)
What are the 3 main monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Which monosaccharides is maltose made up of?
2 Glucose
What monosaccharides are lactose made up of?
Galactose and Glucose
What monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?
Glucose and Fructose
How do you number carbons on glucose?
Start on the right, go counterclockwise
How do polymers form from monomers?
Dehydration synthesis
What is a polysaccharide?
Network of linked monosaccharides
What is the difference in the molecular structure of starch and cellulose?
Starch consists of alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (OH groups point in the same direction after synthesis) while cellulose consists of beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds (OH groups point in opposite directions).
Amylose bonding pattern
1-4 bonds with no branches
Amylopectin branching pattern
1-4 and 1-6 bonds with branches every 20 subunits
Glycogen bonding pattern
1-4 and 1-6 bonds with branches every 10 subunits
What are the three main polysaccharides?
cellulose, starch, and glycogen
How do polymers break apart into monomers?
Hydrolysis/catabolism
What is the role of glycogen?
Short term energy storage, it is broken down into usable monosaccharides when blood sugar is low
Another name for fats and oils
triglycerides
Which monomers is a triglyceride made up of?
One glycerol and Three fatty acids
How is cholestrol ingested?
Animal products
What are the main functions of lipids (4)?
Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure (phospholipids), precursors to steroid hormones (cholestrol)
What type of bonds are formed through dehydration synthesis of a triglyceride?
ester bonds
Is cholestrol a triglyceride?
No
Where is cholestrol produced?
Liver
What are the functions of cholestrol?
Stabilizes cell membrane, precursor for steroid hormones, help with brain and nerve cell function
How are saturated fatty acids ingested?
Animal products