1. Energy & Energy Transformations
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definition of law of thermodynamics
all matter , all energy are subjects of thermodynamics
law of thermodynamics helps us understand…
how cells use energy by harvesting from large molecules to make their own to sustain life
what is the first law of thermodynamics and what is the BUT…
that in any chemical transformation energy is neither created nor destroyed BUT it can be transformed from one type to another
energy is defined as…
the capacity to do work/ movement
the 2 forms of energy is…
potential and kinetic energy
potential energy is…
stored energy in chemical bonds, sugar molecules, or carbon carbon bonds
“___” kinetic energy and its definition
“harvesting” , movement of substances, parts of molecules, etc.
an ex of potential to kinetic energy is a ___ , explain…
frog, first position of the frog is potential energy stored in the frog’s muscles so energy isn’t being used then frog jumps then potential every is converted to kinetic energy (movement)
metabolism definiton
sum total of all chemical reactions that happens inside living things
what do metabolic reactions do? (give an ex) this means metabolism reactions require what?
it transforms matter from one form to another,, an example of this would be either adding positive functional group or adding a negative functional group,, this means metabolism reactions require energy changes
are there different types of metabolism? if so how many & what are they called?
yes! 2! anabolic and catabolic
definition of anabolic reactions and give an example
simple molecules to complex molecules [small to larger] an ex would be small/simple molecules like amino acids go through anabolism are built together to into a complex/large molecule called proteins
definition of catabolic reactions & give an example
large/complex molecules break down into simple/small molecules an example of this would be proteins broken down into amino acids
energy is ____ in anabolic reactions
required
energy is ____ in catabolic reactions
released
when catabolic reactions occur what happens? & what does that energy do?
energy is released & that energy is used to drive anabolic reactions to do biological work
anabolism ____ happen without catabolism
cannot
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics ( usually in the form of ____ or ____ )
even though energy is the same some of the energy is lost due to disorder (heat or light)
2nd law of thermodynamics energy is ____ 100% efficient because energy is ____ meaning living organisms have to do what?
not , lost , must have a constant intake of energy to replenish the energy that is lost to sustain life
entropy (s) means… (so a living thing tends to be ___ & ___ on the other hand non living things are ___ & ____)
disorder in a system characteristic in the universe (large & complex / small & simple)
REPEAT THIS IT IS A NOTECARD …. EXPLAIN!!! apply the second law of thermodynamics to biological systems…
in a chemical transformation some energy is transformed to unsafe energy so only some of that energy can be used to do cellular work meaning there needs to be a constant intake of energy for the living things to continue living
___ energy is applied to the system it will become ___
unless , disorder
enthalpy (H) means what in biological systems?
the total energy contained in the system
free energy (G) means what in biological systems?
the USABLE energy in the system