Security in the Contemporary World

Importance: - Varied over time - Depended on context and situation [Threats from groups or communities within borders. ex:Examples: civil wars, rebellions, revolutions]

Importance -Increased after World War II -Involved global and regional conflicts. [Threats from other countries or alliances e.g.Cold War, NATO, Warsaw Pact]

Supported capitalism and democracy - Examples: NATO, France, UK, West Germany

Supported communism and socialism Examples: Warsaw Pact, USSR, China, East Germany

-Faced violence from colonised people -Tried to maintain control over colonies Examples: France in Vietnam, UK in Kenya

Resisted colonial rule and oppression Examples: Viet Minh, Mau Mau

Different from Asia and Africa | |– Involved Cold War alliances | |– Faced external threats from other countries or alliances

Different from Europe Faced external and internal threats [Between 1946 and 1991, there was a twelve-fold rise in the number of civil wars—the greatest jump in 200 years] Examples of external threats Military conflict with neighbours Border and territorial disputes Control of people and populations **Examples of internal threats** Separatist movements |-- Civil wars |-- Merging of external and internal threats

• Countries should respect the lives and rights of non-combatants and enemies • Countries should avoid excessive or unnecessary violence • self-defence or to protect other people from genocide. • disarmament, arms control, and confidence building. • Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. • confidence building as a means of avoiding violence. Confidence building is a process in which countries share ideas and information with their rivals. • traditional conceptions of security are principally concerned with the use, or threat of use, of military force. In traditional security, force is both the principal threat to security and the principal means of achieving security

• the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) • the 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banned the production and possession of these weapons. • The Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty in 1972 • NPT - 1967 ** 155 states acceded to the BWC and 181 states acceded to the CWC.**

Non-traditional views of security have been called ‘human security’ or ‘global security’ Human security is about the protection of people more than the protection of states.

• Proponents of the ‘narrow’ concept of human security focus on violent threats to individuals • Proponents of the ‘broad’ concept of human security argue that the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because these kill far more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan puts it, “the protection of communities and individuals from internal violence”**

WORLD WORK TOGETHER TO SOLVE ISSUES THAT CAN’T BE SOLVED WITHOUT - COOPERATION B/W COUNTRIES .

• political violence thattargets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. International terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country. • 11 September 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Centre in America. • most of the terror attacks have occurred in the Middle East, Europe, Latin America and South Asia

• first type is political rights such as freedom of speech and assembly. • The second type is economic and social rights. • The third type is the rights of colonised people or ethnic and indigenous minorities. • there is no agreement on which set of rights should be considered as universal. • Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, the genocide in Rwanda. • Indonesian military’s killing of people in East Timor

half of world population- 6 countries-India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia. * gap between the Northern and Southern countries of the world. ** sub-Saharan Africa, which is also the poorest region of the world.** * migration to seek a better life, especially better economic opportunities, in the North.

Kashmiri Pandits that fled the violence in the Kashmir Valley in the early 1990s are an example of an internally displaced community. • From 1990 to 1995, 70 states were involved in 93 wars which killed about 55 lakh people. • in the 1990s, all but three of the 60 refugee flows coincided with an internal armed conflict.

• By 2003, an estimated 4 crore people were infected with HIVAIDS worldwide,** two-thirds of them in Africa and half of the rest in South Asia.** • North America and other industrialised countries, new drug therapies dramatically lowered the death rate from HIVAIDS in the late 1990s. • africa condition remain stagnated. • late 1990s, Britain has lost billions of dollars of income during an outbreak of the mad-cow disease, and bird flu. • countries in ** adults has the disease (one iSouthern Africa, HIV-AIDS poses a serious threat **as one in sixn three for Botswana, the worst case) • 1994, the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda faced a threat to its existence as nearlyfive lakh of its people were killed by the rival Hutu tribe in a matter of weeks.

• its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours.[Pakistan in 1947–48, 1965, 1971 and 1999; China in 1962] • India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests.[It argued for an equitable New International Economic Order (NIEO).][India** joined 160** countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which provides a roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases ] • geared towards meeting security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as the Nagaland, Mizoram, the Punjab, and Kashmir among others have, from time to time, sought to break away from India. • there has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.

1974