The Life Cycle

physical: infections, exposure to drugs behavior: patterns in-utero can presage those that occur in birth birth: 32% now by C-section

premature < 37 weeks very premature < 32 weeks delayed childbearing or increased maternal age, low SES

Appearance (color) Pulse Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration used to predict likelihood of immediate survival

• baby blues - exaggerated emotionally and tearfulness lasting a few days after birth - due to oxytocin-dopamine interactions associated with maternal-infant bond - social and psychological factors • major depression - occurs in ~10% of new mothers within one month of childbirth - can persist for up to 1 year • postpartum psychosis - 0.1%

• cephalad to caudad • central to peripheral • from self to others, and from understanding to expressing

temperament (birth endogenous differences) -activity level, reactivity to stimuli, cyclic behavior patterns, reactions to people, mood, distratibility, attention span

critical periods of social goals

cognitive or learning capabilities

separation-individuation

parts of body in which pleasure is derived

• human need for seeking presence of others • attachment • social smile at 12 weeks • stranger anxiety at 9 months • separation anxiety in first year, but object permanence comes first

1 yo: 25% 2 yo: 50% 3 yo: 75% 4 yo: 100%

necessary for survival • rooting reflex: touch cheek –> turn to nipple • palmar grasp reflex: grip any object put in palm • Moro reflex: limbs extend when child is startled • Babinski reflex: dorsiflexion of toes when sole of foot is stroked (disappears at 1 year)

Rapprochment: moves away (separation), but quickly returns for comfort • at age 2, show autonomy (“No!”) as “Terrible Twos” • parallel play next to, but not with, other children • at 3 yo: spend a few hours away from mother in care of another adult, gender identify • at 4 yo: bowel function • at 5 yo: bladder function

solitary: alone parallel: play next to another child, but not reciprocal associative: play together, but different “goals” cooperative: play together with same goal

• sibling rivalry • regression (to get attention) • between 2 to 4 yo: vocabulary increases dramatically (repeats bathroom words) • active fantasy life (imaginary friends), but knows they’re not real • at 4 yo: cooperative play • strong fear of bodily injury (not good for elective procedures • curiosity about bodies (play doctor)

• development of child’s conscious (superego) • sense of morality (right VS wrong) • empathy • learns that lying is wrong • understanding finality of death (associated fears of losing loved ones)

• psychosexual issues are dormant/latent • industry VS inferiority (compare selves to others) • lifelong sense of competence • formal schooling starts, thus capacity for logical thought (reason and mathematics) • concrete operations (more than one property, concept of conversion) • learning problems identified

• relationships with adults who are not primary caregiver • peer relationships with same sex • not fitting in may cause them to get bossy or aggressive, depressed, anxious, or low self-esteem • sexuality: latent, identify with parent of same sex • morality: rule conscious (“play fair”) but by 12 they are more flexible • more complex motor tasks (team sports for gross motor skills) • illness: deal better with hospitalization • by age 9: universality of death (know they can die too) • acting out as defense mechanism

• myelination (increased white matter to gray matter volume) • frontal and parietal lobes still developing • pruning of up to 50% of synaptic connections, decline in glucose and O2 metabolism

puberty is physical indicator (girls at 10.5 yo VS boys at 11.5 yo) • first menstruation 11-14 yo • first ejaculation 12-15 yo • complete by 13.5 to 15 years (Tanner staging) • usually more obedient (older would oppose)

• by age 15: body image and popularity • prefer to spend time with friends over family • risk taking behavior (frontal lobe breaking system still developing) • education about obvious short-term benefits specifically (appearance, popularity) • autonomy/need for privacy • -less likely to comply with medical advice

• identity crisis: define and refine place in world • role confusion • some but not all can develop abstraction (hypothetical and formal reasoning through calculus and formal operations)

• daily masturbation is normal • homosexual experiences may or may not be initial expressions of orientation • average first sexual intercourse at 16 yo, marriage at 23 yo (sex before marriage is norm) • fewer than 1/2 of sexually active teens regularly use contraceptive