Chapter 1- An introduction to the human body

The study of form/structure • Means “a cutting open” -The study of the internal and external structures of the body & the physical relationships among body parts

Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy

Involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye

Surface anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy

The study of surface features of the body -Surface anatomy deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection. -These are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static pose and in motion.

The study of structures that contribute to specific body regions

The thoracic region encompassing the chest The mammary region encompassing each breast The sternal region encompassing the sternum The abdominal region encompassing the stomach area The umbilical region is located around the navel The coxal region (hip region) encompassing the lateral (side) of hips The pubic region encompassing the area above the genitals1.

Study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

A systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body Ex: -The skin and its appendages belong to the integumentary system -All structures involved in digestion to the digestive system -All bones of the body to the skeletal system. In systemic anatomy, the systems are studied one by one (as opposed to regional anatomy).

Delas with structures that cannot be seen without magnification, & thus the equipment used establishes the boundaries of what can be seen

Cytology Histology

The study of cells

The study of tissues

Tissue Structure

Basic details of cell structure

Individual molecules that are only a few nanometers apart

The study of functions -How living organisms perform their vital functions (Functions are complex and much more difficult to examine than most anatomical structures)

1) Cells are structural building blocks of all plants and animals 2) Cells are produced by the divisions of pre- existing cells 3) Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions

Indicates that the organism recognizes changes in its internal or external environment -Required for adaptability

Changes the organism’s behavior, capabilities or structure -Required for survival in a constantly changing world

Inherited patterns for growth (an increase in size) and development (changes in structure and function) produce organisms characteristic of their species -Growth and development to maturity is controlled by inherited instructions in the form of DNA

All of the changes the body goes through in life -The processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation

Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

The increase in body size -Humans grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (mineral deposits in bones, and (within very narrow limits) increasing the size of existing cells