Proteins

(Vascular endothelial growth factor), originally known as vascular permeability factor, is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

(hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha), a protein that helps cells respond to low oxygen levels by regulating the expression of various genes involved in processes like angiogenesis and energy metabolism

a type of protein found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells in vertebrates, responsible for presenting peptide fragments from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells, which helps the immune system identify and respond to infected or abnormal cells. In humans, the main MHC class I molecules are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C

(Transforming Growth Factor Beta), a multifunctional cytokine involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and immune regulation. It exists in three isoforms (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) and plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and regulating inflammation

small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling, particularly in the immune system. They help regulate various biological processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and cell growth

(Programmed Death-Ligand 1), a protein that helps regulate the immune system by inhibiting T cell activation. It is often expressed in various cancers, allowing tumor cells to evade the immune response

(Programmed Cell Death Protein 1), a protein found on the surface of T cells that helps regulate the immune system by down-regulating immune responses and promoting self-tolerance. It plays a crucial role in preventing autoimmune diseases but can also allow cancer cells to evade the immune system by binding to its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2

(Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2), aprotein encoded by the PDCD1LG2 gene in humans. It plays a role in regulating the immune response by inhibiting T cell activation and is involved in immune tolerance and autoimmunity

(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4), a protein receptor found on T cells that functions as an immune checkpoint, helping to downregulate immune responses. It plays a crucial role in preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells and is involved in the regulation of T cell activation

(lymphocyte-activation gene 3), a protein found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as T cells. It acts as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T cell activation and proliferation, playing a role in maintaining immune balance and potentially contributing to tumor progression in cancer

(T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3), a protein found on the surface of certain immune cells, particularly T-helper 1 cells. It acts as an immune checkpoint that helps regulate immune responses and can inhibit the activity of T cells, playing a role in promoting immune tolerance and potentially impacting cancer therapies

a recombinase protein essential for homologous recombination repair of double-strand DNA breaks. It facilitates strand invasion by forming nucleoprotein filaments on single-stranded DNA and searching for a homologous template. BRCA2 directly regulates RAD51 loading onto DNA.

a DNA repair enzyme that detects single-strand DNA breaks and recruits repair machinery.

A tumor suppressor protein that stops the cell cycle in response to DNA damage and helps determine whether the cell repairs itself or undergoes cell death

(B-cell lymphoma 2), an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein that prevents programmed cell death (apoptosis). It is a central anti-apoptotic regulator whose overexpression contributes to cancer cell survival and resistance to therapy, particularly in B-cell lymphomas and other malignancies. It works by preserving mitochondrial membrane integrity, preventing cytochrome c release and caspase activation