P9
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What is the formula for calculating speed, and what is the standard unit?
(Speed = distance ÷ time) The standard unit is metres per second (m/s).
On a distance-time graph, what does a straight, sloping line represent?
It represents an object moving at a constant speed. The steeper the line, the faster the object is moving.
What does a horizontal line on a distance-time graph indicate?
It indicates the object is stationary (stopped). The distance is not changing as time passes.
How do you determine the speed of an object using a distance-time graph?
Speed is equal to the gradient (slope) of the line. Speed = change in distance / change in time
What must you always do if time is given in minutes or hours before calculating speed in m/s?
Convert the time into seconds. 1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 3,600 seconds
How do you calculate distance if you are given speed and time?
(Distance = speed × time)
If Graph A has a steeper gradient than Graph B, what does this tell you about the two objects?
Object A is travelling faster than Object B because it is covering more distance in the same amount of time.
Can an object have a constant speed but a changing velocity? Give an example.
Yes. An object moving in a circle (like a carousel or a car on a roundabout) has a constant speed but its direction is always changing. Because velocity depends on direction, the velocity is constantly changing.
What is the formula for acceleration, and what are the units?
(Acceleration = change in velocity / time taken). The units are metres per second squared (2m/s)
In a calculation, what does a negative acceleration value (e.g., -3.5m/s^2) tell you?
It means the object is decelerating (slowing down).
How do you determine the acceleration of an object from a velocity-time graph?
Acceleration is represented by the gradient (slope) of the line. Steeper line = higher acceleration. Horizontal line = constant velocity (zero acceleration).
What is the typical acceleration of any object falling freely under gravity near the Earth’s surface?
Approximately 9.8m/s^2
To estimate the acceleration of a car braking in an emergency, what two things do you need to know?
The typical speed of the car (e.g.,13m/s for a town or 31m/s for a motorway). The time taken for the car to stop (usually 1–4 seconds).
What does the gradient (slope) of a velocity-time graph represent?
The gradient represents the acceleration of the object. Steep slope = High acceleration. Gentle slope = Low acceleration.
What does the total area under the line of a velocity-time graph represent?
The area represents the distance travelled (or displacement) in a given direction.
On a velocity-time graph, what does a horizontal line (where velocity is not zero) indicate?
It indicates the object is moving at a constant velocity. Since the velocity isn’t changing, the acceleration is zero.
What is the formula used to calculate acceleration from a velocity-time graph?
Acceleration = change in velocity / time taken
How do you calculate the distance travelled when an object is accelerating or decelerating (a slanted line)?
Calculate the area of the triangle under that section of the graph: Area = 1/2 base x height
How is deceleration shown on a velocity-time graph?
It is shown by a downward-sloping line (a negative gradient). This indicates the object is slowing down.
What does the area under a velocity-time graph represent in terms of vectors?
The area represents displacement (distance traveled in a specific direction).
If a velocity-time graph shows a straight line sloping upwards, what does this tell you about the acceleration?
It tells you the object has constant acceleration (the rate of change in velocity is steady).
How do you find the speed at a specific point on a curved distance-time graph?
Draw a tangent (a straight line that touches the curve at that point) and calculate the gradient of that tangent.