Chemical Tests 2
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Alkenes test (C=C) – reagent?
Bromine water (Br2 aq)
Alkenes test – positive result?
Orange → colourless
Haloalkanes (R–X) – reagent?
Warm with silver nitrate (AgNO3) in ethanol
Chloroalkane result?
White ppt (AgCl), dissolves in dilute NH3
Bromoalkane result?
Cream ppt (AgBr), dissolves in conc NH3
Iodoalkane result?
Yellow ppt (AgI), insoluble in NH3
Alcohols (R–OH) – reagent?
Acidified potassium dichromate (H+/Cr2O7^2−)
Primary & secondary alcohol result?
Orange → green
Tertiary alcohol result?
No change (stays orange)
Aldehydes – Fehling’s test result?
Blue → brick-red ppt
Aldehydes – Tollens’ test result?
Silver mirror forms
Ketones – Fehling’s/Tollens’ result?
No visible change (no reaction)
Carboxylic acids (R–COOH) – reagent?
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Carboxylic acids – result?
Effervescence (CO2), turns limewater milky
Phenol – FeCl3 test result?
Purple solution
Phenol + NaOH result?
Dissolves to colourless solution
Phenol + Na2CO3 result?
No effervescence
Ammonium ion (NH4+) – reagent?
NaOH, warm
Ammonium ion – result?
Ammonia gas released, damp red litmus → blue
Lead(II) ion (Pb2+) – reagent?
Potassium iodide (KI)
Lead(II) ion – result?
Yellow ppt (PbI2)
Ag+ with NaOH?
Brown ppt
Ca2+ with NaOH?
White ppt
Cu2+ with NaOH?
Blue ppt