haematology
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what is haematology
the study of normal and pathological aspects of blood
what do haematologists do
they diagnose, treat and care for people with blood disorders
what are examples of blood disorders
bleeding disorders, haemoglobinopathies, haematological malignancies
what is the volume of blood in the body
5 1/2 litres in a 70kg man (8% of body weight) females lave 4-5 L whereas males have 5-6 L (due to body size)
what can blood be classed as
connective tissue
what are the physical characteristics of blood
sticky, metaillic taste, high O2 levels blood colour is scarlet but if have low O2 levels colour is dark red (not good), pH is 7.35-7.45
is bright red blood in the arteries or veins
arteries
why does the arteries (instead of veins) have bright red blood
because higher levels of oxygen are found there
what are the functions of blood
protection, transportation, regulation
describe transport as a function of the blood
-it transports O2 and nutrients to body cells. -transports metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys to eliminate transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
describe regulation as a function of the blood
• maintains temperature by absorbing and distributing heat (by vasoconstriction and dilation) • maintains pH by using buffers (acid and base) such as bicarbonate • maintain normal fluid volume (done by plasma proteins which produce colloid osmotic pressure)
describe protection as a function of the blood
-prevents excessive blood loss after injury - prevents infection as have white bc, antibodies and complement proteins
how and what is the composition of blood
-when take blood out put it in centrifuge -55% of plasma (least dense) -1% buffy coat (has leukocytes and platelets) -45% erythrocytes (most dense)
what type of cells are the most abundant in blood
-red blood cells (erythrocytes) -males have more RBC than females
what is haematocrit
the % of erythrocytes (RBC) in blood
what’s the volume of leukocytes in blood
1%
what is the function of leukocytes
-defense against disease -they can leave capillaries by diapedesis which is when you move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis
what is leukocytosis
this is when the white BC count is over 11 x10*9 (means you have an infection so response is normal)
what are the types of leukocytes (phagocytes)
-neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes
starting from the most to least dense put the leukocytes in order
-neutrophils -lymphocytes -monocytes -eosinophils -basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas)
what is the function of RBC (erythrocytes)
-gas transport such as O2 and CO2 -contributes to blood viscosity -has a 120 life span
what are the structural characteristics of RBC (erythrocytes)
-biconcave shape (high surface area which allows O2 and CO2 to diffuse quicker) -anucleate (no nucleus) -no mitochondria/ ribosomes (no organelles)
how do erythrocytes produce energy
By the embden meyerhof glycolytic pathway which convers glucose into lactate. And anaerobically produces ATP
why do erythrocytes need energy
• to maintain shape