Enzymes
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What is the definition of applications of biocatalysis?
Central role of enzymes in interdisciplinary sciences
What is fermentation? A. synthesis and modification of antibiotics B. Transformation of defined precursors to a desired target product C. transformation of raw materials in industrial mixtures
C. Transformation of raw materials (sugar, starch, etc) in industrial mixtures (liquors)
What is biotransformation? A. synthesis and modification of antibiotics B. Transformation of defined precursors to a desired target product C. When life depends on a complex network of chemical reactions
B. Transformation of defined precursors to a desired target product (environmental friendly processes to treat waste)
What does the pharmaceutical industry do for enzymes?
synthesis and modification of antibiotics
finish the sentence Enzymes have sites that…
…not only bind another molecules but then catalyze a chemical reaction involving that molecule
Is the binding from binding sites reversible or irreversible?
They are reversible, that means there is an equilibrium between the free and bound ligand
True or False: Binding sites are not specific for particular ligands
False: Binding sites are usually very specific for a particular ligand
True or False: Enzymes are protein catalysts that decrease the rate of reactions with being changed in the process.
FALSE: Enzymes are protein catalyst that INCREASE the rate of reactions WITHOUT being changed in the process.
Do enzymes reduce or increase the activation energy barriers that block chemical reactions?
They greatly REDUCE
What is the use of activation energy? A. it is required to catalyze a chemical reaction B. they help with the binding of ligands C. it is needed to start chemical reactions D. it is apart of the energy metabolism
C. Because chemical reactions are normally blocked, so energy is needed to get them started (Activation energy)
What is a substrate? A. enzyme reactants B. catalyst C. a class of enzymes D. an active site
A. enzyme reactants
What are oxidoreductases? A. Hydrolyze ATP (Na,K ATPase) B. catalyze reactions in which one molecule is oxidized while the other is reduced C. transfer carbon, nitrogen or phosphate containing groups D. break down proteins by hydrolyzing bonds between amino acids
B. catalyze reactions in which one molecule is oxidized while the other is reduced (oxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases)
What is the transfer of carbon, nitrogen or phosphate containing groups?
Transferases
What is the name when two molecules ligate in an energy-dependent process?
Ligases
What is the active site considered? A. holoenzymes B. high specificity C. high affinity D. apoenzyme
B. high specificity
What is ATPases?
hydrolyze ATP (NA,K ATPase)
What is the name when catalyze polymerization reactions occur? A. Polymerases B. Proteases C. Lyases D. Kinases
A. polymerases ex synthesis of DNA and RNA
What is the break down proteins by hydrolyzing bonds between amino acids?
Proteases
What is lyase? A. Catalyze the cleave of C-K and C-O bonds B. Catalyze the cleavage of H20 bonds C. Catalyze the binding of C- and P- groups D. Catalyze the cleave of C-C, C-S, and C-N bonds
D. Catalyze the cleave of C-C, C-S, and C-N bonds
What are isomerases?
They catalyze the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule
What is the name that catalyzes the addition of phosphate groups to molecules?
Kinases protein kinases are very common in physiology
What is synthase?
Synthesize molecules in anabolic reactions by condensing two smaller molecules together (ATP synthase)
What happens when the substrate binds to the enzyme?
An enzyme-substrate complex (ES) is formed
How is EP formed? Enzyme-Product
ES (enzyme-substrate) causes a conformational change in the enzyme that allows catalysis