Cell and Molecular Biology

From endocytic vesicles and vesicles from GA

organelles responsible for waste processing and recycling in animal cells

organelles responsible for waste processing and recycling in plant, fungi and algal cells

mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)

Synthesis and tagging Recognition Transport Vesicle Formation Delivery to Lysosome Catalyzation of macromolecule breakdown

Endocytosis Phagocytosis Autophagy ER and Golgi transport Breakdown of macromolecules Recycling of cellular components Defense against pathogens

Materials from outside the cell being engulfed by the plasma membrane forming a vesicle that fuses with a lysosome for degradation

When large particles or cells are ingested forming phagosomes which then fuse with lysosomes

When damaged organelles or cytoplasmic materials are encapsulated in autophagosomes which fuse with lysosomes for breakdown and recycling

4-5 (acidic) This is due to environment of lysosome being acidic

Proton pumps transporting hydrogen ions into lysosome Membrane permeability - as membrane is impermeable to ions so cant diffuse out

Lysosomes are only found in animal cells Vacuoles have wider roles including storage, maintaining of turgidity Vacuoles are larger (only one in cell compared to many lysosomes)

In vitro refers to studies conducted in a controlled environment outside of a living organism e.g. test tube

In vivo refers to studies or experiments conducted in living organisms

Ex Vivo refers to studies conducted on tissues or organs taken from a living organism but out with the organism itself

Cell culture - primary cell culture and immortalized cell line grown under controlled conditions Organotypic - 3D cultures that maintain some characteristics of original tissue

Isolation - cells are isolated from tissues or obtained from cell banks Culture medium - cells are grown in a nutrient rich medium that provides the necessary growth factors, hormone and gases Substrate - cells are often cultured on a flat substrate to which they adhere Environmental control

Lack of complexity, an artificial environment genetic drift and limited longevity

The three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) is a good guide. Animals need welfare and care. You need to be able to justify animal use

You must receive informed consent, must maintain their privacy, must insure a minimization of risk.

Source of cells Consent for donated tissue Use of embryonic stem cells Replacement of animals /p

Compartmentalization Selective permeability Signal transduction Energy transduction Cell to cell communication

Membranes regulate the entry and exit of substances which maintains the internal balance of ions and molecules. Crucial in homeostasis

Membranes produce ATP in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts