amines

non aromatic aromatic referring to - planar - cyclic - stable due to delocalisation

depends on how many alkyl groups bonded to the n a primary amine will have RNH2 a secondary amine will have RRNH a tertiary amine will have RRRN all of the Ns above still have their lone pair a quaternary ammonium ion has the N bonded to 4 groups. it has a positive charge

they have no lp on the N. the chemistry of the amines is drive by the lp on the N

• Nucleophilic substitution with h alkane and ammonia - if you want a primary amine you have excess ammonia to minimise further substitution since the product (amine) is also a nucleophile - if you want a quaternary ammonium salt you have excess h alkane to maximise further substitution - not the preferred method because impure product • Reduction of nitriles - nitrile can be gotten by nucleophilic substitution of h alkanes and cyanide ion, :CN-

• Reduction with LiAlH4 in dry ether followed by acid RCN + [H] –> RCNH2 • Catalytic hydrogenation with H2 and nickel catalyst and heat - also the conditions for nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Reduction of nitrobenzene 1. Catalytic hydrogenation with H2 and nickel catalyst and heat. Forms water as well • Reduction with Sn and HCl. Followed by NaOH. Forms water as well

Cationic surfactants (need anion) Surfactants decrease the surface tension between two liquids or things in diff phases eg oil and water When the quaternary ammonium salt has long alkyl groups, these alkyl chains are hydrophobic The ionic N part is hydrophilic So allows water and grease to mix Used as detergent

Miss says used in the manufacture of dyes Ms came across says : making dyes making quaternary ammonium salts making (cationic) surfactants making hair conditioner making fabric softener making detergents

H bonding Bonded to very electronegative O, N or F When drawing: - 180 degree h bond. The h bond is the h, the n it’s attracted to on diff molecule and the n it’s bonded to - lps - delta charges -

LP on the N can for coordinate bond to H+, therefore they can act at BL bases: proton acceptors. They are weak bases Their bases strength depends on the availability of the lone pair

More alkyl groups increases the e- density around the N because they are electron releasing so there is the inductive effect, a local change in the E distribution so you would expect tertiary better than secondary better than primary better than ammonia however this is not the case. it also depends on SOLUBILITY tertiary amines are less soluble in water so they are less strong bases. aromatic amines (counted above as part of primary) are terrible bases because LP on N is delocalised into benzene ring so not available. real trend is: Secondary > tertiary > primary > NH3 > aromatic amines

Buffers are made of weak acids and limited strong base/salt of weak acid OR weak base and limited strong acid/salt of weak base Amines are weak bases therefore could make buffer using them. You could have the amine and the quaternary ammonium salt

Make N substituted amides when react with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides Mech: nucleophilic addition elimination

__yl __amide Functional group of amides is O H || | RC — NR 1st space is for the R on the N. Secondary amides are when you use the N; named by using an N to indicate that an alkyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom. We normally see secondary amides. A primary would have 2 Hs on it: the one in F group and thr R would be a H 2nd space is for the C chain including the C in carbonyl group