W7L1 - Cognitive Theories of Memory
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Does implicit memory = procedural memory? Does explicit memory = declarative memory? Which one is more meaningful in study of amnesia?
Implicit/Explicit Memory: • Set of memory tasks • Do not measure cognitive theory Procedural/Declarative Memory: - Derived from dissociable cognitive theories procedural/declarative distinction
What is procedural memory and what is it supported by
• Storage of skills, important for motor performance - Supported by memory systems independent of hippocampal formation
What is declarative memory and what is it supported by
• Accumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences • Processed by various processing systems (which feed hippocampal formation - due to relational nature of hippocampal formation, declarative memory is relational)
What are the 4 models of memory
A: Serial Models • ) Atkinson-Shiffrin Model • ) Levels of Processing Model • ) Tulving’s Model B: Parallel Model 4.) Parallel Distributed Processing Model
1.) Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
(Incoming info) 1.) Sensory Memory > Info not attended to lost (attended) 2.) STM/Working Memory > forgetting (rehersal) (encoding + retrieval) 3.) LTM > Forgetting
2.) Levels of Processing Model
• Information retained based on level of processing it has undergone • ) Shallow-deep continuum • ) Maintenance vs. Elaborative rehearsal
3.) Tulving’s Model
Same template as Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (STM-LTM) LTM – Procedural – Episodic – Semantic
4.) Parallel Distributed Processing Model. How are memories activated and how is learning conducted
Memory = Activation of connections in different areas (distribution) simultaneously (parallel) [PATTERN OF ACTIVATION] Learning = Strength of connection between relevant sites is changed
Breakdown memory into its components
1) LTM = Declarative (Facts) + Procedural (Skills) 2. ) Declarative = Episodic & Semantic
What is episodic memory
Knowledge of an event/ fact with the ADDITIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS that we have thought of or experienced it before (mental time travel)
Tulving’s conceptualisation of EPISODIC memory in extension of atkinson. What is it
• Conscious recollection of one’s personal past • Re-experience (via. autonoetic awareness) previous experiences and project similar experiences into the future Autonoetic awareness = highly personalized feeling of (re)experiencing oneself in the autobiographical past or present
Tulving’s conceptualisation of episodic memory in extension of atkinson. What does it operation of episodic system depend on.
Operations depend on semantic and other forms of memory • Shares neural mechanisms and cognitive processes with other systems • Specific mechanisms/processes not component of any other system
How independent is Semantic-Episode based on Squire and Zola. What is it dependent on and what is their evidence?
Entirely parallel within delcarative memory = No dissociation • Dependent on the hippocampal system. Damage results in equal impairment to episodic and semantic Evidence: Amnesic patients have equal difficulties with ‘event’ and ‘fact’ memory (HM)
How independent is Semantic-Episode based on Tulving
Share many features but are not parallel systems Serial Parallel Independent (SPI) Hypothesis
What is the SPI Hypothesis
Semantic needed to encode in Episodic (Extension of semantic) Encoding into semantic memory relies on semantic system – Retrieval is independent, can be supported by either system or both
Dissociation/Double dissociation in Tulving’s Model
Encoding; Semantic: Single Dissociation. Affects both semantic and episode Episodic: Double Dissociation. Affects episodic but does not affect semantic. Retrieval Semantic and Episodic: Double Dissociation
Vargha-Khadem et al. 1997 Overview of the kids what kind of impariments do they have
Investigated 3 patients who had suffered very early bilateral medial temporal lobe injury • Abnormally small bilateral hippocampi • Relatively intact extra-hippocampal temporal lobe
Vargha-Khadem et al. 1997 Results. What does it tell us about episodic memory.
• Impaired memory function (episodic) vs intellectual capacity (semantic) = dissociation Episodic relies on hippocampal circuit (Fits within SPI model)
Is procedural memory affected in amnesic patients?
Not generally affected
What does activation of declarative memory lead to. Can activation of declarative memories be independent of…?
• Activation of declarative memory = Activation of related memories This activation can be activated independent of environment