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Br in water
orange
Cl in water
pale green
I in water
brown
Cl in cyclohexane
pale green
Br in cyclohexane
orange
I in cyclohexane
violet
Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) –>
–> HClO(aq) + HCl(aq) (disproportionation)
Cl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) –>
–> NaClO(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
group 2 + 2H20
group 2 (OH)2 + H2
group 2 + acid
salt + H2
reversible ozone reaction
O2 + O –> O3
propagation steps ( and overall) ozone
Cl• + O3 –> ClO• + O2 ClO• + O –> Cl• + O2 NO• + O3 –> NO2• + O2 NO2• + O –> NO• + O2 O3 + O –> O2
order of organic acid strengths
alcohols - won’t react with weak or strong bases phenols - will only react with strong bases carboxylic acids - will react with weak and strong bases
strong acids
HCl HBr HI HNO3 H2SO4 HClO4 HClO3
weak acid
HF
strong bases
LiOH NaOH KOH Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
weak bases
NaCO3 Al(OH)3 (insoluble)
Limitations of using E values to determine whether reactions are feasible (4)
• EA might be too high • E only works under standard conditions • If []≠1moldm-³ then it will shift equilibrium and change E • Reactants must be in aqueous solution
Nucleophile
A species attracted to an area of electron deficiency, where it donates an e- pair to form a covalent bond
Electrophile
A species attracted to an e- rich area, where it accepts an e- pair to form a covalent bond
how do you write a Kp expression if the reaction contains species of different states?
only include gaseous species in the Kp expression
Free Gibbs equation
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
when is a reaction feasible?
∆G < 0
two features of a dynamic equilibrium
• rate of forwards reaction = rate of backwards reaction • [reactants] and [products] remains constant but are constantly interchanging