Unit 1.1-4
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Adult tissue cells are
Multi potent which means they can become a limited range of specialised cells
Embryonic cells are
Pluripotent and can become any type of specialised cell
Differentiation is
The process by which a cell develops more specialised functions
Differentiation is controlled by
The switching on or off of genes that produce proteins characteristic for that cell eg. RBCs, platelets
State some features of somatic cells
Diploid Divide by mitosis Differentiate to become different body tissues Mutations not passed on to offspring
State some features of germline
Divide by mitosis to make more her line cells Divide by meiosis to produce haploid gametes Diploid Mutations are passed on to offspring
What is stem cell research?
Involves using stem cells as a model to study how diseases develop for drug testing
Stem cell research is
Highly controversial when it comes to using embryonic stem cells
Name some therapeutic uses of stem cell research
Repairing diseased/damaged organs eg. Skin grafts, corneal transplants
What is a rumour?
A mass of abnormal cells, if these cells break away they can spread through the body
What is cancer?
Abnormal cells which do not respond to regulatory signals and divide excessively
describe the structure of DNA
Double stranded helix Made up of nucleotides which contain deoxyribose, a phosphate and a base which make up the sugar phosphate backbone
Name the four bases of DNA
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine
How are the bases held together?
By weak hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
What is stored in DNA?
All the cells genetic information in the base sequence
Name some requirements of DNA replication
Primer Ligase DNA polymerase DNA ATP free DNA nucleotides
What is a stem cell?
An unspecialised cell which can divide to make copies of the self or become specialised cells
An individual’s phenotype is determined by the proteins produced aa a result of
Gene expression
What are the differences between RNA and DNA
Ribonucleic acid Single stranded Uracil instead of thymine Ribose instead of deoxyribose
What is the role of tRNA
Carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome during translation
What is rRNA
rRNA and proteins form a ribosome
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
In transcription, what does the the primary transcript undergo
RNA splicing where the non coding introns are removed and the coding expand are joined together to form a mature transcript
What are the requirements for transcription
A promoter, RNA polymerase, free RNA nucleotides