Chapter 19 Biochemistry

study of chemical substances and processes that occur in plants animals and microorganisms

smallest structural unit of living organisms that has properties associated w life -can be an independent living organism or a building block of a more complex organism

control center of the cell -contains genetic material

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

everything in between the nucleus and cell membrane -contains a number of structures that carry out the cell’s work

• primary molecules responsible for short-term energy storage in living organisms • main structural components of plants • soluble in water (bc of -OH attachments) • often (CH2O)n -aldehydes or ketones

a carb that CANNOT be broken down into simpler carbs • rearrange in aq soln to form ring structures • simple carbs • name is usually a prefix(# of C)(-ose)

a hexose (6-carbon sugar)

• a carb that can be decomposed into 2 simpler carbs • simple carbs ex) glucose+fructose=SUCROSE

connects 2 monosaccharides by eliminating water to form a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond called GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE -link can be broken during digestion

• long chain-like molecules composed of many monosaccharide units • complex carbs

starch, cellulose, glycogen

type of polysaccharide w ALPHA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE (Oxygen links point down)

type of polysaccharide w BETA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE -stiffer, more rigid bonds (aka FIBER)

type of polysaccharide that is similar to starch but highly branched -in animals, glucose is stored in the blood as GLYCOGEN until it is needed

• nonsoluble in water • soluble in NONPOLAR SOLVENTS • structural component of CELL MEMBRANES

1 fatty acids 2 fats 3 oils 4 phospholipids 5 glycolipids 6 steroids

monosaccharides disaccharides

polysaccharide

• oxygen atoms joining neighboring glucose units pointing down • in starch

• oxygen atoms are roughly parallel w the planes of the rings but pointing slightly up • in cellulose

• type of lipid • type of carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with long hydrocarbon tails (3-19 carbons) • nonpolar

• type of lipid • triesters composed of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids • fats and oils are triglycerides • linked w esters linkage

• bond that joins glycerol to the 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides • releases 3 H2O