Organic compounds and their reactions
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What is a functional group?
The atom/group of atoms that gives the compound its characteristic properties.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound of carbon and hydrogen only.
What are the rules for naming hydrocarbons?
• Find the longest continuous carbon chain and use a prefix • Number the C atoms so any side chains have the smallest number possible • If there is more than one side chain, use the prefixes di, tri and tetra • Keep the alphabetical order of branch name
What is the suffix of the functional group alkanes?
-ane
What is the suffix of the functional group alkenes?
-ene
What are the prefixes of the halogens?
fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
What is the suffix of the alcohols?
-ol
What is the suffix of carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
What does a displayed formula show?
All atoms and bonds.
What does a shortened formula show?
Carbon by carbon and hydrogens.
What does a skeletal formula show?
Carbon bonds and functional groups.
What are the three types of structural isomers?
Chain isomerism- when the carbon chain is arranged differently Position isomerism- when the functional group is in a different position Functional group isomerism- when the functional group is different
How to identify E-Z isomers?
The atom with the highest atomic number in the double bond takes priority. If they are on the same side of the bond- Z, if they are on opposite sides- E.
Why does E-Z isomerism appear in alkenes?
Isomerism occurs due to restricted rotation about the double bond.
What defines a homologous series?
• Can all be represented by a general formula • Differ from their neighbor in the series by CH2 • Have the same functional group so similar chemical properties • Have physical properties that vary
What is an empirical formula?
The formula of a compound with the atoms of the elements in their simplest ratio.
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.