2.3

made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen used to store energy

monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides

one sugar are single. sugar units(monomers) which are also known as reducing sugars are small enough to pass through the cell membrane

glucose fructose galactose ribose deoxyribose

Glucose

plant starch

cellulose

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

D and L glucose are the. two forms that glucose comes in. L glucose is not used by living things

two different forms of D glucose: Alpha glucose and Beta glucose Alpha D Glucose makes up starch and glycogen polymers. Beta D glucose makes up the cellulose polymer

Ribose Fructose Deoxyribose

glucose galactose

both are hexagons the H and OH at the sides are in different positions in glucose OH is down and H is up in galactose OH is up and H is down

all are pentagon monomers only deoxyribose contains two H’s in the bottom right corner fructose only has six ions attached fructose only has one side (right side corner) which has two ions attached in Ribose the bottom. two corners are both H attached upwards, OH attached down

both are hexagon shapes, however, the right corner is different on both of them in Beta D OH is upwards and H is downwards In Alpha D OH is downwards. and H is upwards

produced by combining monosaccharides via a condensation reaction three types: Sucrose lactose maltose

a disaccharide combination of glucose and fructose monosaccharides. Formed via a condensation reaction in plants. is sweet examples Table sugar sugar cane sugar

is sweet most of the sweetness comes from the fructose because fructose is twice as sweet as glucose

disaccharide combination of galactose and glucose monosaccharides milk lactose is broken down by the enzyme: lactase. in most mammals, lactase production gradually decreases with maturity, which is why many people are lactose intolerant. example milk sugar

disaccharide combination of two glujcose monoasaccharides produces when amylase enzyme breaks down starch polymers. found in germinating seeds such as barley. - also produced when. glucose is caramelised example malt sugar

glucose and fructose monosaccharides contains three CH2OH one hexagon, one pentagon

when a disaccharide is formed by the joining of 2 units by removing a molecule of water a polysaccharide is formed if more than two units are joined GLUCOSE +glucose => disaccharide + water

the breaking apart of a disaccharide a water molecule provides the hydrogen and hydroxyl group to break the glycosidic bond

starch glycogen cellulose