Life at the Cellular level
暂无描述。系统推荐的高质量记忆内容，适合每天坚持背诵学习。
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Prokaryote characteristics
lack nuclear membrane no mitochondria no membrane bound structures
Eukaryote characteristics
human cells multi cellular animals and plants nucleus with membrane membrane bound structures
Multuipotent
cells that can differentiate into many cell types
pluripotent
all cell types of the body
types of tissues
epithelial connective nervous muscular
Adherens junctions
link actin filaments
Desmosomes
link keratin filaments
ER and Golgi apparatus
membrane bound rough ER has ribosomes attached to it they coordinate protein modifications and transport smooth ER is used mainly to breakdown compounds
Lysosomes
used to separate enzymes from the rest of the cell
99% of you are the elements…
H, O, N and C
Functional groups define
biomolecular function
Nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotide monomers
Retrovir
A nucleotide analogue analogue of THYMINE nucleotide found in DNA
Polysaccharides
polymers of sugar monomers linked by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
d-Glucose is deemed a reducing sugar because
the linear form has an aldehyde group which can be oxidised if it is oxidised then the other reactant would be reduced - so the glucose would be termed a ‘reducing sugar’
entropy
gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed system
enthalpy
heat released to surroundings
A spontaneous process must decrease ……. and/or increase ……….
enthalpy (H) entropy (S)
delta G
change in gibbs free energy
𐤃G =
𐤃H - T 𐤃S
Spontaneous reactions only occur if 𐤃G is…
-ve so if the reaction releases energy
Normal biological processes require more order… so have …… 𐤃G
+ve
Free energy flows between …….. and ………. processes allowing them to occur
catabolic and anabolic
Enzymes function to…
selectively alter the rate of particular parts of metabolic pathways