2.3 Acid Base Chemistry (Things to Remember)
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What is Bronsted Acid?
Proton donor
What is a Bronsted Base?
Proton acceptor
What are the 7 Strong Acids?
HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4
What are the 8 Strong Bases?
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
What is the relationship between pKa and acid strength?
The smaller the pKa, the STRONGER the acid
What type of pKa is favored when determining which way the equilibrium lies? Why?
A higher pKa is favored because it indicates a weaker acid, and thus a more stable reaction
What does a stronger acid create?
It creates a weaker conjugate base.
What does a stronger base create?
It creates a weaker conjugate acid.
What are the five factors of stability?
Electronegativity, size, resonance, hybridization, and induction
How does size influence stability?
Larger atoms are more polarizable
Where does atomic size increase on the periodic table?
It increases moving to the left and down
How does hybridization influence stability?
More s character results in a more stable anion; it is physically closer to the nucleus (+)
How does induction influence stability?
Charge is stabilized with dipole moments; proximity matters
Why do C–H bonds contain electron density?
They are nonpolar
List the strategies in ABC.
• Determine which species is the acid and which is the base • Draw mechanism arrows • Decide EQ with the 5 factors
List the relative order of the 5 factors of stability.
• Eneg or size is about equal to resonance • Hybridization • Induction
The best base is most ___________.
Reactive
What is a Lewis Acid?
Electron pair acceptor
What is a Lewis Base?
Electron pair donor
What does a Lewis acid often have?
An unfilled valence shell
What does a Lewis base have?
electron density
What is unique about the valence of transition metals?
Have many empty d orbitals; can often accept more electrons without an octet violation
What do nucleophiles want to attack?
The nucleus because it is positively charged
What is a substitution reaction in ABC?
The leaving group is substituted with a Lewis base