Chapter 10: Handwriting, Forgery, & Counterfeiting
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What is a Document Analysis?
• examination & comparison of questioned documents with a known material. The known material is called an exemplar • experts look for changes, erasures, or obliterations that may have occurred
What is a Questioned Document?
any signature, handwriting, typewriting or other written mark whose source is uncertain ex. checks, wills, passports, letters, money, etc.
What do experts look at?
• handwriting • typewriting • paper material • ink • commercial printing
Document Expert
specially trained person who scientifically analyzes handwriting & other features in a document (can testify in court)
Graphologist
studies the personality of the writer based on handwriting samples. (not reliable, cannot testify in court)
What factors affect handwriting?
• pen, pencil, marker, crayon • mood, age, and how hurried we are
How many characteristics of handwriting are there?
12
3 Things that can be Done to Minimize the conscious writing effort?
• Do not show the questioned document • Do not give instructions abt punctuation or spelling • The pen & paper should be similar to that of the questioned document
Initial Comparisons are Done W/
• The Eye • Handheld lens • Microscope
___________ can determine if more than one ___ was used
Infrared Spectroscope; ink
Biometric Screening Pans
allows more accurate analysis of handwriting analysis
Recognize your signature based on….
speed, pressure and rhythm
Computerized Analysis - FISH
Forensic Information System for Handwriting
Computerized database maintained by the…
Secret Service (SS)
Blind Forgery
• most common type • the forger uses their own handwriting. Don´t try to disguise his handwriting. Easiest to identify
Stimulated Forgery
copying a genuine signature by carefully drawing it. Forger practices until you can’t see any differences. Very difficult to link to a suspect
Traced Forgery
done by tracing a genuine signature using a light box, carbon paper, or pressing hard over the genuine signature and then tracing the indent
What can a Traced Forgery be detected by?
a stereomicroscope
Check Forgery. How is this possible?
• obtaining s/o else´s checks from a deposit slip • directly alter a check, creating forged checks from scratch • intercepting s/o else´s check, altering it & cashing it
How can Check Forgery be Prevented?
• print checks on chemically sensitive paper • print checks in multiple color patterns • use a font size the requires more ink and makes alterations difficult • high resolution borders • embed fibers • use a chemical wash detection system
Counterfeiting can result in up to ____ years in prison
15
Secret Service
responsible for investigating counterfeit currency
What is money made w/?
• 75% cotton • 25% linen blend w/ silk
Anticounterfiet pens contain ______ which make _____ appear
iodine; yellow