4.2.3 organic synthesis

primary alcohol > aldehyde reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute H2SO4 conditions: warm gently and distil out aldehyde as it forms to prevent further oxidation to carboxylic acid orange dichromate solution > green colour of Cr3+ ions

prevents evaporation by condensing them back to liquids primary alcohol > carboxylic acid reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute H2SO4 use excess dichromate, heat under reflux orange dichromate ions > green Cr3+ ions anti-bumping granules to prevent vigorous, uneven boiling

put distillate of impure product into separating funnel wash product by adding saturated sodium chloride solution allow layers to separate in full, then run and discard the aqueous layer run organic layer into clean, dry conical flask and add drying agent (CaCl2) to dry organic liquid when dry, should appear clear decant the liquid into distillation flask distil to collect pure product