3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry
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Define empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
Define molecular formula
Gives the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule
Define display formula
Shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
Define structural formula
Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
Define skeletal formula
Drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms aren’t drawn and assume all carbon atoms has all unspecified bonds as C-H
Suffix for no double bond
ane
Suffix for at least one double bond
ene
Suffix for alcohol
ol
Suffix for aldehyde
al
Suffix for Ketone
one
Suffix for carboxylic acid
oic acid
Prefixes for CH3
Methyl
Prefix for C2H5
Ethyl
Prefix for C3H7
Propyl
Prefix for C4H9
Butyl
Prefix for Cl
Chloro
Prefix for Br
Bromo
Prefix for I
Iodo
Define structural isomerism
When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What is positional isomerism?
Functional group is attached to the main chain at a different place
What is functional group isomerism?
Same atoms but a different functional group due to a different arrangement of atoms
What is chain isomerism?
Hydrocarbon chain organised differently e.g. branched chains
Define stereoisomerism
When molecules have the same structural and molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms in space
What is E-Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided?
E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C double bonds. If the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side off the double bond it is the Z isomer If on different sides it is the E isomer