Lecture 3: Acids, Bases, And Buffers
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Most chemical reactions are ___
Reversible
What does dynamic equilibrium mean?
• Reactants can combine to give products - Products can fall apart to give reactants
What does Le Chatelier’s Principle state about equilibrium?
When a system in a state of dynamic equilibrium is disturbed, it will react to re-establish the equilibrium condition; nature likes being in an equilibrium state
A system is in a state of equilibrium when there is a…
balance between reactants and products
As K increases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor…
Products
As K decreases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor…
Starting materials (the reverse reaction becomes more favorable)
K subscript a =
Weak acids
If you add products, the equilibrium will shift towards…
reactants
If you remove products, the equilibrium will shift toward…
products
What is Bronstead acids and bases?
The most generally useful definition of an acid
An acid is a ___
proton (hydrogen ion) donor
A base is a ___
proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor
Proton donor =
Acid
Proton acceptor =
Base
When an acid donates a proton, it is converted into its ___ ___
Conjugate base
When a base accepts a proton, it is converted into its ___ ___
conjugate acid
What is an amphoteric species (amphiprotic species)? Give an example.
Something that can behave as either an acid or a base, i.e.: water
The stronger the acid, the weaker the ___ ___
conjugate base
The weaker the acid, the stronger the ___ ___
conjugate base
Weak acids do not…
Ionize 100% in water
Weak bases establish an equilibrium by…
Accepting a proton from water
The pH scale quantitatively describes…
The “acidity” or “alkalinity” of a solution
PH 7
Neutral
PH < 7
Acidic