⭐️Modern Atomic Theory
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Wave-particle duality of nature
Electrons and light have properties of both waves (wavelength+frequency) / particles (quanta of energy)
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time WE ARE UNCERTAIN WHAT ELECTRONS ARE WHERE IN HEINZ KETCHUP
Schrodinger
Treated electrons as waves and assigned them quanta numbers (levels, energy levels) ELECTRONS ARE LIKE WAVES, GAVE THEM QUANTA NUMBERS
Wave-mechanical view of an atom
1) electron cloud model 2) probability of finding an electron in a cloud 3) orbital=region in a space electrons are found PROBABILITY OF CLOUDS IN ORBITALS
n
Energy level/size of electron cloud Quantum number Given n=1 to infinity >>>>>>>>>energy of electron increases
l
Sublevel, shape of electron cloud l=0 to (n-1), types s, p, d, and f (SUPER PRETTY DALMATIANS FART)
m
Orbitals, direction in space Orbitals hold a max of 2 electrons m= -l to +l
s
Spin of electron, +-1/2 +1/2=clockwise spin, counterclockwise=-1/2
Pauli’s exclusion principle
No 2 electrons for an atom can have the same 4 quantum #’s PAULIEEE STOP EXCLUDING ELECTRONS FROM EACHOTHER
How to find the max # of orbitals/level (n to m)?
n^2
How to find max # of electrons/level (n to s)? (this is the atomic # of the noble gas of that period/level)
2n^2
Hund’s Rule
In a sublevel, each orbital gets an electron before pairing up. (Draw all up arrow first, then down, to show that electrons spin in opposite directions)
De Broglie
Hypothesized that if Planck (energy in quanta) were correct, then particles can have properties of waves Used E=mc^2 and E=hV for Tilda=h/(m•v)…you can calculate wavelength of a particle if you know the mass+velocity ELECTRONS ARE LIKE WAVES, MADE AN EQUATION
What would each value represent in electron configuration 2s^1
2 is the level, s is the sublevel, 1 is the #of electrons on that sublevel
What makes a noble gas?
Electrons on the outermost energy/quantum level (valence electrons) add up to 8 and therefore have pairs spinning in opposite directions. (Far right of periodic table)
The highest energy level holds…
Valence electrons because it’s the outermost energy level
Louis dot diagram
Signifies how many valence electrons are on an element, put dots going (ORDER/PLACEMENT???). Dots next to each other are paired up/spin in opposite directions
If the arrows go ..|^v|..|^v|..|^|^| |..how many pairs of electrons are unshared? How many pairs are at least half full?
2 unshared pairs of electrons 4 pairs at least half full
What if I removed 1 valence electron from 11Na?
It would make a cation (positive ion) Na^+ or Na^+1
Kernel
Electrons that are NOT valance
Diagonal rule
1s^2 2s^2, 2p^6 3s^2, 3p^6, 3d^10 4s^2, 4p^6, 4d^10, 4f^14 5s^2, 5p^6, 5d^10, 5f^14 6s^2, 6p^6, 6d^10 7s^2, 7p^6
Sublevel s
Max 2 electrons, 1 orbital (box)=one sphere in center axis
Sublevel p
Max 6 electrons, 3 orbitals (boxes)=2 spheres on x, 2 spheres on y, and 2 spheres on z
Sublevel d
Max 10 electrons, 5 orbitals (boxes)