Immunology
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Which innate immune cells are cytotoxic?
Eosinophils, NK cells
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?
Lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s patches
What is the structure of an antibody?
FC region - defines the isotype Varible ragion - infinitely different
What do TCRs detect?
CD8 cells target MHCI bound (cytosolic) peptide CD4 cells target MHCII bound peptide (endosomal, extracellularly derived, only presentable by pro APCs - B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)
What is the costimulation moleculre needed for naive T cell activation?
CD28!
What kind of cell can recognise lipid and DNA components as pathogenic?
Only abs and BCRs. T cells can’t do this - they can only recognise peptide.
What’s the third signal that determines the type of T cell the T cell will become?
Cytokines from the APC typically, or the microenvironment activation is occuring.
What are the defining cytokines produced by Th1 cells?
INF-gamma - stimulate macrophage activation. Intracellular killing. Also make TNF alpha which attract macrophages out of circulation.
What are the defining cytokines produced by Th2 cells?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13. Parasite killing.
What are the defining cytokines produced by Th17 cells?
IL-17, IL-22. Extracellular killing.
Apart from Th1 cells, what other T-cells are involved in killing intracellular pathogens?
CD8- killer T cells
What help signal do Th2 cells provide to B-cells?
Cause isotype switching to IgE
What T cells are involved in type 1 hypersensitive reactions?
Th2
What cell types express Fcepsilon receptors?
Mast cells and eosinophils
What happens once allergen binds to FCe/FCeR complexes?
The cross link and mast and eosinophils degranulate
What are type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?
IgG and IgM mediated - binding to ECM or cell surface antigens and causing inflammation.
What is type III hypersensitivity?
Immuno complex forming disease - ab targeting soluble antigen. Circulate around, eventually lodge somewhere, attract neutrophils and complement and become inflammed.
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
T-cell mediated inflammation.
Do innate lymphoid cells have T cell receptors? Or B-cell receptors?
No, they are activate by cytokines and other mediators produced at their site of residence.
What are the two signalling pathways downstream of the 10 toll like receptors present on immune cells?
1) NF-kappa B and 2) interferon regulatory factors pathways.
Which caspase is activated when intracellular NOD receptors activated?
Via the inflammasome, NOD-like receptors activate Caspase 1, which cleaves the precursor for Interleukin-1, causing it to be released.
How is gout pro-inflammatory?
Urate crystals are recognised by NOD-like receptors, triggering inflammasome activity and IL1 prodcution.
What does a C-type lectin receptor do?
Innate PAMP receptor - present on immune cells. Important for macs and DCs to detect fungi
What do cytosolic RIG like receptors detect? What happens when bound?
Intracytosolic viruses. Causes interferon production. Activate the STING pathway.