Cells And Control
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What is mitosis ? What is it used for
The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides. Organisms use mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged. Some organisms use mitosis to reproduce (asexual reproduction)
What are the stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
What happens during cytokinesis
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells
A normals human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be in each new human cell formed by mitosis
Each cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Name 2 methods plants use to grow
Cell division Cell elongation
What does is mean if a baby measures at the 50th percentile for weight
The baby is an average weight for its age, roughly around 50% of babies it’s age are heavier and 50% of babies it’s age are lighter
Why is cell differentiation important
It allows cells to become specialized for a specific job. Having specialized cells allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently
How does the ability to differentiate differ between plant cells and animals cells?
The ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage in most animal cells (after they have become specialized), but lots of plant cells don’t ever lose this ability
What are growth charts used for
To assess a child’s growth over time, so any problems can be highlighted
Describe how cancer can develop from changed in a cell
If there is a change in one of the genes that control cell division, the cell may start dividing uncontrollably. This can result in a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. If the tumor invades and destroys surrounding tissue it is called cancer.
True or false? muscles and glands are examples of receptors
False. They are effectors
In humans what does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
Which type of neuron carries impulses from the central nervous system to effectors?
Motor neuron
What is the benefit of an axon having a myelin sheath?
A myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator, which speeds up the movement of electrical impulses along the axon
Describe the difference in function between dendrons and axons
Dendrons carry nerve impulses towards the cell body, whereas axons carry nerve impulses away from The cell body
Compare the difference in structure of a sensory and motor neuron
Sensory neurons have one long dendron and one short axon, whereas motor neurons have many short dendrites, and one long axon
Describe the structure and function of a relay neuron
A Relay neuron has many short dendrites that carry nerve impulses from sensory neurons to the cell body. It has an axon that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurons.
What is an embryonic stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell found in early human embryos, which has the potential to divide and produce any kind of cell at all
Where can stem cells be found in an adult human? What do they do?
E.G bone marrow. they are used to replace damaged cells such as blood or skin cells
What type of plant tissue contains stem cells?
Meristem tissue (this is where growth occurs)
Describe two potential risks of using stem cells in medicine
If donor stem cells are contaminated with a virus, the virus could be passed on to the recipient. If the cells divide to quickly inside a patient, a tumor may develop. if the transplanted cells aren’t grown using the patients own stem cells, their body might reject them.