Fingerprints

no specific degree, but some sort of science based education is preferred. Lots of training. Can be a civilian or a cop

Tiny ridges and valley patterns on the tip of each finger  Form from pressure on developing fingers in womb  No 2 identical; not even in identical twins

Technical term for body measurements and calculations includes: fingerprints, retina or iris patterns, palm print, face thermography

Complex pattern of hills (ridges) and valleys (furrows) 3 basic patterns

Characterized by ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side  Do not have type lines, deltas, or cores Plain arch  Simplest of all  Generally, these ridges tend to rise in the center of the pattern Tented arch  Similar to plain  Instead of rising smoothly incenter, sharp up-thrust or spike, or ridges meet at angles less than 90 degrees

1 or more ridges entering from one side of a print, recurving and exiting from the same side  Each has 1 delta and 1 core and has a ridge count Ulnar loop  Named after the ulna  Flow pattern runs in the direction of the ulna Radial loop  Named after the radius  Flow pattern runs in the direction of the radius  Not very common; typically found on index finger

 Double loop whorls  2 separate and distinct loop formations with 2 separate and distinct shoulders for each core, 2 deltas and 1 or more ridges which make, a complete circuit.  Accidental whorls  2 different types of patterns with the exception of the plain arch, have 2 or more deltas or a pattern which possess some of the requirements for 2 or more different types or a pattern which conforms to none of the definitions.

ridges of the ingerprint form minutiae by: ending ridges- ending abruptly bifurcations- splitting into 2 ridges dots- short in length combos: island- 2 bifurcations facing each other

Structure of individual ridges (shape and relative pore position) Other friction skin morphology (secondary creases, ridge breaks, etc.) Used in conjunction with level one and two to individualize, or exclude, an impression to a single source

first used fingerprints on native contracts in India

suggested skin ridge pattern could be important for identification of criminals

his fingerprint system was adopted by Scotland yard

1st systematic and official use of fingerprints for personal ID - adopted by NYC Civil Service Commission

Fingerprint records of Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth – merged to form nucleus of identification records of the new FBI

In US, scheme for the classification of ten print sets Fingers are paired in a numerator/denominator system