Chapter 8A - Reactions involving Organic Compounds

When one or more atoms are substituted for another atom or a group of atoms * two products are formed

• Alkane + Halogen = Haloalkane + hydrogen halide • Primary Haloalkane + Metal hydroxide = primary alcohol + metal halide • Primary Haloalkane + water = primary alcohol + hydrogen halide • Primary Haloalkane + Ammonia = primary amine + ammonium halide • Primary Alcohol + Ammonia = Primary amine + water

Reaction conditions: UV light + high temperature Redox reaction

Provides the energy to break the covalent bonds in the halogen molecule to produce two reactive halogen atoms, each w/ an unpaired electron (free radicals)

A series of substitution reactions can occur until all hydrogen atoms have been substituted

Reaction conditions: dilute solutions contain OH - ions & heat

Reaction is very slow & requires a catalyst

Reaction conditions: concentrated ammonia (NH3) in ethanol Heat/Pressure

Stage 1: Haloalkane is heated under pressure to form a salt Stage 2: a hydrogen atom is removed from the salt to produce the primary amine (reversible reaction hence, increasing ammonia will favour forwards reaction)

Reaction conditions: alumina catalyst (Al2O3), NH3 (g) and heat

two or more molecules combine to form one product * double C=C bond in alkenes is broken, allowing other bonds to be added

• Alkene + hydrogen halide = haloalkane • Alkene + Hydrogen = Alkane • Alkene + Halogen = Dihaloalkane • Alkene + Water vapour = Alcohol • Alkene = addition polymer with n repeating units

No reaction conditions

• hydrogenation • requires nickel/platinum catalyst (s) • redox reaction

• halogenation • fluorine is too explosive • redox reaction

Reaction conditions: H3PO4 (l), heat (300 degrees) and pressure * also called hydration

Reaction conditions: catalyst, heat and high pressure * polymerisation

Alcohol - Aldehyde - Carboxylic acids Strong oxidants: Potassium Permanganate/ Acidified Potassium Dichromate (aq) Reaction conditions: Heat

• limit temperature • limit oxidising reagent • remove aldehyde as it is being produced by distillation

• using O2 (g) from the air (slow) • Silver catalyst + Heat speeds the reaction up

• reaction b/w primary alcohol and carboxylic acid • condensation reaction producing water • concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) • heat

Addition of water to an ester to produce a carboxylic acid and an alcohol molecule * requires heat and dilute H+

Condensation: minimal water (l) Hydrolysis: excess water used (aq)

• biodiesel produced from triglyceride and methanol • produces 3 methyl esters (biodiesel molecules) + glycerol • NaOH and KOH as catalysts